Introduction

Welcome to the documentation for @effect/schema, a library for defining and using schemas to validate and transform data in TypeScript.

@effect/schema allows you to define a Schema<Type, Encoded, Context> that provides a blueprint for describing the structure and data types of your data. Once defined, you can leverage this schema to perform a range of operations, including:

Operation	Description
Decoding	Transforming data from an input type `Encoded` to an output type `Type`.
Encoding	Converting data from an output type `Type` back to an input type `Encoded`.
Asserting	Verifying that a value adheres to the schema's output type `Type`.
Arbitraries	Generate arbitraries for fast-check testing.
Pretty printing	Support pretty printing for data structures.
JSON Schemas	Create JSON Schemas based on defined schemas.
Equivalence	Create Equivalences based on defined schemas.

If you're eager to learn how to define your first schema, jump straight to the Basic usage section!

The Schema Type

The Schema<Type, Encoded, Context> type represents an immutable value that describes the structure of your data.

The Schema type has three type parameters with the following meanings:

Type. Represents the type of value that a schema can succeed with during decoding.
Encoded. Represents the type of value that a schema can succeed with during encoding. By default, it's equal to Type if not explicitly provided.
Context. Similar to the Effect type, it represents the contextual data required by the schema to execute both decoding and encoding. If this type parameter is never (default if not explicitly provided), it means the schema has no requirements.

Examples

Schema<string> (defaulted to Schema<string, string, never>) represents a schema that decodes to string, encodes to string, and has no requirements.
Schema<number, string> (defaulted to Schema<number, string, never>) represents a schema that decodes to number from string, encodes a number to a string, and has no requirements.

[!NOTE] In the Effect ecosystem, you may often encounter the type parameters of Schema abbreviated as A, I, and R respectively. This is just shorthand for the type value of type A, Input, and Requirements.

Schema values are immutable, and all @effect/schema functions produce new Schema values.

Schema values do not actually do anything, they are just values that model or describe the structure of your data.

Schema values don't perform any actions themselves; they simply describe the structure of your data. A Schema can be interpreted by various "compilers" into specific operations, depending on the compiler type (decoding, encoding, pretty printing, arbitraries, etc.).

Understanding Decoding and Encoding

sequenceDiagram
    participant UA as unknown
    participant A
    participant I
    participant UI as unknown
    UI->>A: decodeUnknown
    I->>A: decode
    A->>I: encode
    UA->>I: encodeUnknown
    UA->>A: validate
    UA->>A: is
    UA->>A: asserts

We'll break down these concepts using an example with a Schema<Date, string, never>. This schema serves as a tool to transform a string into a Date and vice versa.

Encoding

When we talk about "encoding," we are referring to the process of changing a Date into a string. To put it simply, it's the act of converting data from one format to another.

Decoding

Conversely, "decoding" entails transforming a string back into a Date. It's essentially the reverse operation of encoding, where data is returned to its original form.

Decoding From Unknown

Decoding from unknown involves two key steps:

Checking: Initially, we verify that the input data (which is of the unknown type) matches the expected structure. In our specific case, this means ensuring that the input is indeed a string.
Decoding: Following the successful check, we proceed to convert the string into a Date. This process completes the decoding operation, where the data is both validated and transformed.

Encoding From Unknown

Encoding from unknown involves two key steps:

Checking: Initially, we verify that the input data (which is of the unknown type) matches the expected structure. In our specific case, this means ensuring that the input is indeed a Date.
Encoding: Following the successful check, we proceed to convert the Date into a string. This process completes the encoding operation, where the data is both validated and transformed.

[!NOTE] As a general rule, schemas should be defined such that encode + decode return the original value.

The Rule of Schemas: Keeping Encode and Decode in Sync

When working with schemas, there's an important rule to keep in mind: your schemas should be crafted in a way that when you perform both encoding and decoding operations, you should end up with the original value.

In simpler terms, if you encode a value and then immediately decode it, the result should match the original value you started with. This rule ensures that your data remains consistent and reliable throughout the encoding and decoding process.

Requirements

TypeScript 5.0 or newer
The strict flag enabled in your tsconfig.json file

The exactOptionalPropertyTypes flag enabled in your tsconfig.json file

{
  // ...
  "compilerOptions": {
    // ...
    "strict": true,
    "exactOptionalPropertyTypes": true
  }
}

Additionally, make sure to install the following packages, as they are peer dependencies. Note that some package managers might not install peer dependencies by default, so you need to install them manually:
- effect package (peer dependency)
- fast-check package (peer dependency)

Understanding `exactOptionalPropertyTypes`

The @effect/schema library takes advantage of the exactOptionalPropertyTypes option of tsconfig.json. This option affects how optional properties are typed (to learn more about this option, you can refer to the official TypeScript documentation).

Let's delve into this with an example.

With exactOptionalPropertyTypes Enabled

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.optional(Schema.String.pipe(Schema.nonEmpty()), {
    exact: true
  })
})

/*
type Type = {
    readonly name?: string; // the type is strict (no `| undefined`)
}
*/
type Type = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Person>

Schema.decodeSync(Person)({ name: undefined })
/*
TypeScript Error:
Argument of type '{ name: undefined; }' is not assignable to parameter of type '{ readonly name?: string; }' with 'exactOptionalPropertyTypes: true'. Consider adding 'undefined' to the types of the target's properties.
  Types of property 'name' are incompatible.
    Type 'undefined' is not assignable to type 'string'.ts(2379)
*/

Here, notice that the type of name is "exact" (string), which means the type checker will catch any attempt to assign an invalid value (like undefined).

With exactOptionalPropertyTypes Disabled

If, for some reason, you can't enable the exactOptionalPropertyTypes option (perhaps due to conflicts with other third-party libraries), you can still use @effect/schema. However, there will be a mismatch between the types and the runtime behavior:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.optional(Schema.String.pipe(Schema.nonEmpty()), {
    exact: true
  })
})

/*
type Type = {
    readonly name?: string | undefined; // the type is widened to string | undefined
}
*/
type Type = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Person>

Schema.decodeSync(Person)({ name: undefined }) // No type error, but a decoding failure occurs
/*
Error: { name?: a non empty string }
└─ ["name"]
   └─ a non empty string
      └─ From side refinement failure
         └─ Expected a string, actual undefined
*/

In this case, the type of name is widened to string | undefined, which means the type checker won't catch the invalid value (undefined). However, during decoding, you'll encounter an error, indicating that undefined is not allowed.

Getting started

To install the alpha version:

npm install @effect/schema

Additionally, make sure to install the following packages, as they are peer dependencies. Note that some package managers might not install peer dependencies by default, so you need to install them manually:

effect package (peer dependency)

[!WARNING] This package is primarily published to receive early feedback and for contributors, during this development phase we cannot guarantee the stability of the APIs, consider each minor release to contain breaking changes.

Once you have installed the library, you can import the necessary types and functions from the @effect/schema/Schema module.

Example (Namespace Import)

import * as Schema from "@effect/schema/Schema"

Example (Named Import)

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

Defining a schema

One common way to define a Schema is by utilizing the struct constructor provided by @effect/schema. This function allows you to create a new Schema that outlines an object with specific properties. Each property in the object is defined by its own Schema, which specifies the data type and any validation rules.

For example, consider the following Schema that describes a person object with a name property of type string and an age property of type number:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

[!NOTE] It's important to note that by default, most constructors exported by @effect/schema return readonly types. For instance, in the Person schema above, the resulting type would be { readonly name: string; readonly age: number; }.

Extracting Inferred Types

Type

Once you've defined a Schema<A, I, R>, you can extract the inferred type A, which represents the data described by the schema, in two ways:

Using the Schema.Schema.Type utility.
Using the Type field defined on your schema.

For example, you can extract the inferred type of a Person object as demonstrated below:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.NumberFromString
})

// 1. Using the Schema.Type utility
type Person = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Person>
/*
Equivalent to:
interface Person {
  readonly name: string;
  readonly age: number;
}
*/

// 2. Using the `Type` field
type Person2 = typeof Person.Type

Alternatively, you can define the Person type using the interface keyword:

interface Person extends Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Person> {}
/*
Equivalent to:
type Person {
  readonly name: string;
  readonly age: number;
}
*/

Both approaches yield the same result, but using an interface provides benefits such as performance advantages and improved readability.

Encoded

In cases where in a Schema<A, I> the I type differs from the A type, you can also extract the inferred I type using the Schema.Encoded utility (or the Encoded field defined on your schema).

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.NumberFromString
})

// 1. Using the Schema.Encoded utility
type PersonEncoded = Schema.Schema.Encoded<typeof Person>
/*
type PersonEncoded = {
    readonly name: string;
    readonly age: string;
}
*/

// 2. Using the `Encoded` field
type PersonEncoded2 = typeof Person.Encoded

Context

You can also extract the inferred type R that represents the context described by the schema using the Schema.Context utility:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.NumberFromString
})

// type PersonContext = never
type PersonContext = Schema.Schema.Context<typeof Person>

Advanced extracting Inferred Types

To create a schema with an opaque type, you can use the following technique that re-declares the schema:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const _Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

interface Person extends Schema.Schema.Type<typeof _Person> {}

// Re-declare the schema to create a schema with an opaque type
const Person: Schema.Schema<Person> = _Person

Alternatively, you can use the Class APIs (see the Class section below for more details).

Note that the technique shown above becomes more complex when the schema is defined such that A is different from I. For example:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const _Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.NumberFromString
})

interface Person extends Schema.Schema.Type<typeof _Person> {}

interface PersonEncoded extends Schema.Schema.Encoded<typeof _Person> {}

// Re-declare the schema to create a schema with an opaque type
const Person: Schema.Schema<Person, PersonEncoded> = _Person

In this case, the field "age" is of type string in the Encoded type of the schema and is of type number in the Type type of the schema. Therefore, we need to define two interfaces (PersonEncoded and Person) and use both to redeclare our final schema Person.

Decoding From Unknown Values

When working with unknown data types in TypeScript, decoding them into a known structure can be challenging. Luckily, @effect/schema provides several functions to help with this process. Let's explore how to decode unknown values using these functions.

Using `decodeUnknown*` Functions

The @effect/schema/Schema module offers a variety of decodeUnknown* functions, each tailored for different decoding scenarios:

decodeUnknownSync: Synchronously decodes a value and throws an error if parsing fails.
decodeUnknownOption: Decodes a value and returns an Option type.
decodeUnknownEither: Decodes a value and returns an Either type.
decodeUnknownPromise: Decodes a value and returns a Promise.
decodeUnknown: Decodes a value and returns an Effect.

Example (Using decodeUnknownSync)

Let's begin with an example using the decodeUnknownSync function. This function is useful when you want to parse a value and immediately throw an error if the parsing fails.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

// Simulate an unknown input
const input: unknown = { name: "Alice", age: 30 }

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Person)(input))
// Output: { name: 'Alice', age: 30 }

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Person)(null))
/*
throws:
Error: Expected { readonly name: string; readonly age: number }, actual null
*/

Example (Using decodeUnknownEither)

Now, let's see how to use the decodeUnknownEither function, which returns an Either type representing success or failure.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Either } from "effect"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownEither(Person)

// Simulate an unknown input
const input: unknown = { name: "Alice", age: 30 }

const result1 = decode(input)
if (Either.isRight(result1)) {
  console.log(result1.right)
  /*
  Output:
  { name: "Alice", age: 30 }
  */
}

const result2 = decode(null)
if (Either.isLeft(result2)) {
  console.log(result2.left)
  /*
  Output:
  {
    _id: 'ParseError',
    message: 'Expected { readonly name: string; readonly age: number }, actual null'
  }
  */
}

The decode function returns an Either<A, ParseError>, where ParseError is defined as follows:

interface ParseError {
  readonly _tag: "ParseError"
  readonly error: ParseIssue
}

Here, ParseIssue represents an error that might occur during the parsing process. It is wrapped in a tagged error to make it easier to catch errors using Effect.catchTag. The result Either<A, ParseError> contains the inferred data type described by the schema. A successful parse yields a Right value with the parsed data A, while a failed parse results in a Left value containing a ParseError.

Handling Async Transformations

When your schema involves asynchronous transformations, neither the decodeUnknownSync nor the decodeUnknownEither functions will work for you. In such cases, you must turn to the decodeUnknown function, which returns an Effect.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Effect } from "effect"

const PersonId = Schema.Number

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  id: PersonId,
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

const asyncSchema = Schema.transformOrFail(PersonId, Person, {
  // Simulate an async transformation
  decode: (id) =>
    Effect.succeed({ id, name: "name", age: 18 }).pipe(
      Effect.delay("10 millis")
    ),
  encode: (person) => Effect.succeed(person.id).pipe(Effect.delay("10 millis"))
})

const syncParsePersonId = Schema.decodeUnknownEither(asyncSchema)

console.log(JSON.stringify(syncParsePersonId(1), null, 2))
/*
Output:
{
  "_id": "Either",
  "_tag": "Left",
  "left": {
    "_id": "ParseError",
    "message": "(number <-> { readonly id: number; readonly name: string; readonly age: number })\n└─ cannot be be resolved synchronously, this is caused by using runSync on an effect that performs async work"
  }
}
*/

const asyncParsePersonId = Schema.decodeUnknown(asyncSchema)

Effect.runPromise(asyncParsePersonId(1)).then(console.log)
/*
Output:
{ id: 1, name: 'name', age: 18 }
*/

As shown in the code above, the first approach returns a Forbidden error, indicating that using decodeUnknownEither with an async transformation is not allowed. However, the second approach works as expected, allowing you to handle async transformations and return the desired result.

Excess properties

When using a Schema to parse a value, by default any properties that are not specified in the Schema will be stripped out from the output. This is because the Schema is expecting a specific shape for the parsed value, and any excess properties do not conform to that shape.

However, you can use the onExcessProperty option (default value: "ignore") to trigger a parsing error. This can be particularly useful in cases where you need to detect and handle potential errors or unexpected values.

Here's an example of how you might use onExcessProperty set to "error":

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

console.log(
  Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Person)({
    name: "Bob",
    age: 40,
    email: "bob@example.com"
  })
)
/*
Output:
{ name: 'Bob', age: 40 }
*/

Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Person)(
  {
    name: "Bob",
    age: 40,
    email: "bob@example.com"
  },
  { onExcessProperty: "error" }
)
/*
throws
Error: { readonly name: string; readonly age: number }
└─ ["email"]
   └─ is unexpected, expected "name" | "age"
*/

If you want to allow excess properties to remain, you can use onExcessProperty set to "preserve":

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

console.log(
  Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Person)(
    {
      name: "Bob",
      age: 40,
      email: "bob@example.com"
    },
    { onExcessProperty: "preserve" }
  )
)
/*
{ email: 'bob@example.com', name: 'Bob', age: 40 }
*/

[!NOTE] The onExcessProperty and error options also affect encoding.

All errors

The errors option allows you to receive all parsing errors when attempting to parse a value using a schema. By default only the first error is returned, but by setting the errors option to "all", you can receive all errors that occurred during the parsing process. This can be useful for debugging or for providing more comprehensive error messages to the user.

Here's an example of how you might use errors:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Person)(
  {
    name: "Bob",
    age: "abc",
    email: "bob@example.com"
  },
  { errors: "all", onExcessProperty: "error" }
)
/*
throws
Error: { readonly name: string; readonly age: number }
├─ ["email"]
│  └─ is unexpected, expected "name" | "age"
└─ ["age"]
   └─ Expected a number, actual "abc"
*/

[!NOTE] The onExcessProperty and error options also affect encoding.

Encoding

The @effect/schema/Schema module provides several encode* functions to encode data according to a schema:

encodeSync: Synchronously encodes data and throws an error if encoding fails.
encodeOption: Encodes data and returns an Option type.
encodeEither: Encodes data and returns an Either type representing success or failure.
encodePromise: Encodes data and returns a Promise.
encode: Encodes data and returns an Effect.

Let's consider an example where we have a schema for a Person object with a name property of type string and an age property of type number.

import * as S from "@effect/schema/Schema"

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Age is a schema that can decode a string to a number and encode a number to a string
const Age = Schema.NumberFromString

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.NonEmpty,
  age: Age
})

console.log(Schema.encodeSync(Person)({ name: "Alice", age: 30 }))
// Output: { name: 'Alice', age: '30' }

console.log(Schema.encodeSync(Person)({ name: "", age: 30 }))
/*
throws:
Error: { readonly name: NonEmpty; readonly age: NumberFromString }
└─ ["name"]
   └─ NonEmpty
      └─ Predicate refinement failure
         └─ Expected NonEmpty (a non empty string), actual ""
*/

Note that during encoding, the number value 30 was converted to a string "30".

[!NOTE] The onExcessProperty and error options also affect encoding.

Formatting Errors

When you're working with Effect Schema and encounter errors during decoding, or encoding functions, you can format these errors in two different ways: using the TreeFormatter or the ArrayFormatter.

TreeFormatter (default)

The TreeFormatter is the default method for formatting errors. It organizes errors in a tree structure, providing a clear hierarchy of issues.

Here's an example of how it works:

import { Schema, TreeFormatter } from "@effect/schema"
import { Either } from "effect"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

const result = Schema.decodeUnknownEither(Person)({})
if (Either.isLeft(result)) {
  console.error("Decoding failed:")
  console.error(TreeFormatter.formatErrorSync(result.left))
}
/*
Decoding failed:
{ readonly name: string; readonly age: number }
└─ ["name"]
   └─ is missing
*/

In this example, the tree error message is structured as follows:

{ name: string; age: number } represents the schema, providing a visual representation of the expected structure. This can be customized using annotations, such as setting the identifier annotation.
["name"] indicates the offending property, in this case, the "name" property.
is missing represents the specific error for the "name" property.

ParseIssueTitle Annotation

When a decoding or encoding operation fails, it's useful to have additional details in the default error message returned by TreeFormatter to understand exactly which value caused the operation to fail. To achieve this, you can set an annotation that depends on the value undergoing the operation and can return an excerpt of it, making it easier to identify the problematic value. A common scenario is when the entity being validated has an id field. The ParseIssueTitle annotation facilitates this kind of analysis during error handling.

The type of the annotation is:

export type ParseIssueTitleAnnotation = (
  issue: ParseIssue
) => string | undefined

If you set this annotation on a schema and the provided function returns a string, then that string is used as the title by TreeFormatter, unless a message annotation (which has the highest priority) has also been set. If the function returns undefined, then the default title used by TreeFormatter is determined with the following priorities:

identifier
title
description
ast.toString()

Example

import type { ParseResult } from "@effect/schema"
import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const getOrderItemId = ({ actual }: ParseResult.ParseIssue) => {
  if (Schema.is(Schema.Struct({ id: Schema.String }))(actual)) {
    return `OrderItem with id: ${actual.id}`
  }
}

const OrderItem = Schema.Struct({
  id: Schema.String,
  name: Schema.String,
  price: Schema.Number
}).annotations({
  identifier: "OrderItem",
  parseIssueTitle: getOrderItemId
})

const getOrderId = ({ actual }: ParseResult.ParseIssue) => {
  if (Schema.is(Schema.Struct({ id: Schema.Number }))(actual)) {
    return `Order with id: ${actual.id}`
  }
}

const Order = Schema.Struct({
  id: Schema.Number,
  name: Schema.String,
  items: Schema.Array(OrderItem)
}).annotations({
  identifier: "Order",
  parseIssueTitle: getOrderId
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Order, { errors: "all" })

// No id available, so the `identifier` annotation is used as the title
decode({})
/*
throws
Error: Order
├─ ["id"]
│  └─ is missing
├─ ["name"]
│  └─ is missing
└─ ["items"]
   └─ is missing
*/

// An id is available, so the `parseIssueTitle` annotation is used as the title
decode({ id: 1 })
/*
throws
Error: Order with id: 1
├─ ["name"]
│  └─ is missing
└─ ["items"]
   └─ is missing
*/

decode({ id: 1, items: [{ id: "22b", price: "100" }] })
/*
throws
Error: Order with id: 1
├─ ["name"]
│  └─ is missing
└─ ["items"]
   └─ ReadonlyArray<OrderItem>
      └─ [0]
         └─ OrderItem with id: 22b
            ├─ ["name"]
            │  └─ is missing
            └─ ["price"]
               └─ Expected a number, actual "100"
*/

In the examples above, we can see how the parseIssueTitle annotation helps provide meaningful error messages when decoding fails.

ArrayFormatter

The ArrayFormatter is an alternative way to format errors, presenting them as an array of issues. Each issue contains properties such as _tag, path, and message.

Here's an example of how it works:

import { ArrayFormatter, Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import * as Either from "effect/Either"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

const result = Schema.decodeUnknownEither(Person)(
  { name: 1, foo: 2 },
  { errors: "all", onExcessProperty: "error" }
)
if (Either.isLeft(result)) {
  console.error("Parsing failed:")
  console.error(ArrayFormatter.formatErrorSync(result.left))
}
/*
Parsing failed:
[
  {
    _tag: 'Unexpected',
    path: [ 'foo' ],
    message: 'is unexpected, expected "name" | "age"'
  },
  {
    _tag: 'Type',
    path: [ 'name' ],
    message: 'Expected a string, actual 1'
  },
  { _tag: 'Missing', path: [ 'age' ], message: 'is missing' }
]
*/

Assertions

The is function provided by the @effect/schema/Schema module represents a way of verifying that a value conforms to a given Schema. is is a refinement that takes a value of type unknown as an argument and returns a boolean indicating whether or not the value conforms to the Schema.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

/*
const isPerson: (a: unknown, options?: ParseOptions | undefined) => a is {
    readonly name: string;
    readonly age: number;
}
*/
const isPerson = Schema.is(Person)

console.log(isPerson({ name: "Alice", age: 30 })) // true
console.log(isPerson(null)) // false
console.log(isPerson({})) // false

The asserts function takes a Schema and returns a function that takes an input value and checks if it matches the schema. If it does not match the schema, it throws an error with a comprehensive error message.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

// equivalent to: (input: unknown, options?: ParseOptions) => asserts input is { readonly name: string; readonly age: number; }
const assertsPerson: Schema.Schema.ToAsserts<typeof Person> =
  Schema.asserts(Person)

try {
  assertsPerson({ name: "Alice", age: "30" })
} catch (e) {
  console.error("The input does not match the schema:")
  console.error(e)
}
/*
The input does not match the schema:
Error: { readonly name: string; readonly age: number }
└─ ["age"]
   └─ Expected a number, actual "30"
*/

// this will not throw an error
assertsPerson({ name: "Alice", age: 30 })

Using fast-check Arbitraries

The make function provided by the @effect/schema/Arbitrary module represents a way of generating random values that conform to a given Schema. This can be useful for testing purposes, as it allows you to generate random test data that is guaranteed to be valid according to the Schema.

import { Arbitrary, FastCheck, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.String.pipe(Schema.compose(Schema.NumberFromString), Schema.int())
})

/*
FastCheck.Arbitrary<{
    readonly name: string;
    readonly age: number;
}>
*/
const PersonArbitraryType = Arbitrary.make(Person)

console.log(FastCheck.sample(PersonArbitraryType, 2))
/*
Output:
[ { name: 'iP=!', age: -6 }, { name: '', age: 14 } ]
*/

/*
Arbitrary for the "Encoded" type:
FastCheck.Arbitrary<{
    readonly name: string;
    readonly age: string;
}>
*/
const PersonArbitraryEncoded = Arbitrary.make(Schema.encodedSchema(Person))

console.log(FastCheck.sample(PersonArbitraryEncoded, 2))
/*
Output:
[ { name: '{F', age: '$"{|' }, { name: 'nB}@BK', age: '^V+|W!Z' } ]
*/

Customizations

You can customize the output by using the arbitrary annotation:

import { Arbitrary, FastCheck, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Number.annotations({
  arbitrary: () => (fc) => fc.nat()
})

const arb = Arbitrary.make(schema)

console.log(FastCheck.sample(arb, 2))
// Output: [ 1139348969, 749305462 ]

[!WARNING] Note that when customizing any schema, any filter preceding the customization will be lost, only filters following the customization will be respected.

Example

import { Arbitrary, FastCheck, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const bad = Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.positive()).annotations({
  arbitrary: () => (fc) => fc.integer()
})

console.log(FastCheck.sample(Arbitrary.make(bad), 2))
// Example Output: [ -1600163302, -6 ]

const good = Schema.Number.annotations({
  arbitrary: () => (fc) => fc.integer()
}).pipe(Schema.positive())

console.log(FastCheck.sample(Arbitrary.make(good), 2))
// Example Output: [ 7, 1518247613 ]

Pretty print

The make function provided by the @effect/schema/Pretty module represents a way of pretty-printing values that conform to a given Schema.

You can use the make function to create a human-readable string representation of a value that conforms to a Schema. This can be useful for debugging or logging purposes, as it allows you to easily inspect the structure and data types of the value.

import { Pretty, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

const PersonPretty = Pretty.make(Person)

// returns a string representation of the object
console.log(PersonPretty({ name: "Alice", age: 30 }))
/*
Output:
'{ "name": "Alice", "age": 30 }'
*/

Customizations

You can customize the output using the pretty annotation:

import { Pretty, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Number.annotations({
  pretty: () => (n) => `my format: ${n}`
})

console.log(Pretty.make(schema)(1)) // my format: 1

Generating JSON Schemas

The make function from the @effect/schema/JSONSchema module enables you to create a JSON Schema based on a defined schema:

import { JSONSchema, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.NonEmpty,
  age: Schema.Number
})

const jsonSchema = JSONSchema.make(Person)

console.log(JSON.stringify(jsonSchema, null, 2))
/*
Output:
{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "type": "object",
  "required": [
    "age",
    "name"
  ],
  "properties": {
    "age": {
      "type": "number",
      "description": "a number",
      "title": "number"
    },
    "name": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "a non empty string",
      "title": "NonEmpty",
      "minLength": 1
    }
  },
  "additionalProperties": false
}
*/

In this example, we have created a schema for a "Person" with a name (a non-empty string) and an age (a number). We then use the JSONSchema.make function to generate the corresponding JSON Schema.

Note that JSONSchema.make attempts to produce the optimal JSON Schema for the input part of the decoding phase. This means that starting from the most nested schema, it traverses the chain, including each refinement, and stops at the first transformation found.

For instance, if we modify the schema of the age field:

import { JSONSchema, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.NonEmpty,
  age: Schema.Number.pipe(
    // refinement, will be included in the generated JSON Schema
    Schema.int(),
    // transformation, will be excluded in the generated JSON Schema
    Schema.clamp(1, 10)
  )
})

const jsonSchema = JSONSchema.make(Person)

console.log(JSON.stringify(jsonSchema, null, 2))

We can see that the new JSON Schema generated for the age field is of type "integer", retaining the useful refinement (being an integer) and excluding the transformation (clamping between 1 and 10):

{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "type": "object",
  "required": ["name", "age"],
  "properties": {
    "name": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "a non empty string",
      "title": "NonEmpty",
      "minLength": 1
    },
    "age": {
      "type": "integer",
      "description": "an integer",
      "title": "integer"
    }
  },
  "additionalProperties": false
}

Identifier Annotations

You can enhance your schemas with identifier annotations. If you do, your schema will be included within a "definitions" object property on the root and referenced from there:

import { JSONSchema, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Name = Schema.String.annotations({ identifier: "Name" })
const Age = Schema.Number.annotations({ identifier: "Age" })
const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Name,
  age: Age
})

const jsonSchema = JSONSchema.make(Person)

console.log(JSON.stringify(jsonSchema, null, 2))
/*
Output:
{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "type": "object",
  "required": [
    "name",
    "age"
  ],
  "properties": {
    "name": {
      "$ref": "#/$defs/Name"
    },
    "age": {
      "$ref": "#/$defs/Age"
    }
  },
  "additionalProperties": false,
  "$defs": {
    "Name": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "a string",
      "title": "string"
    },
    "Age": {
      "type": "number",
      "description": "a number",
      "title": "number"
    }
  }
}
*/

This technique helps organize your JSON Schema by creating separate definitions for each identifier annotated schema, making it more readable and maintainable.

Standard JSON Schema Annotations

Standard JSON Schema annotations such as title, description, default, and Examples are supported:

import { JSONSchema, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Struct({
  foo: Schema.optional(
    Schema.String.annotations({
      description: "an optional string field",
      title: "foo",
      examples: ["a", "b"]
    }).pipe(Schema.compose(Schema.Trim)),
    {
      default: () => ""
    }
  ).annotations({ description: "a required, trimmed string field" })
})

// Generate a JSON Schema for the input part
console.log(JSON.stringify(JSONSchema.make(schema), null, 2))
/*
Output:
{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "type": "object",
  "required": [],
  "properties": {
    "foo": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "an optional string field",
      "title": "foo",
      "examples": [
        "a",
        "b"
      ]
    }
  },
  "additionalProperties": false,
  "title": "Struct (Encoded side)"
}
*/

// Generate a JSON Schema for the output part
console.log(JSON.stringify(JSONSchema.make(Schema.typeSchema(schema)), null, 2))
/*
{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "type": "object",
  "required": [
    "foo"
  ],
  "properties": {
    "foo": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "a required string field",
      "title": "Trimmed",
      "pattern": "^.*[a-zA-Z0-9]+.*$"
    }
  },
  "additionalProperties": false,
  "title": "Struct (Type side)"
}
*/

Recursive and Mutually Recursive Schemas

Recursive and mutually recursive schemas are supported, but in these cases, identifier annotations are required:

import { JSONSchema, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

interface Category {
  readonly name: string
  readonly categories: ReadonlyArray<Category>
}

const schema = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  categories: Schema.Array(
    Schema.suspend((): Schema.Schema<Category> => schema)
  )
}).annotations({ identifier: "Category" })

const jsonSchema = JSONSchema.make(schema)

console.log(JSON.stringify(jsonSchema, null, 2))
/*
Output:
{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "$ref": "#/$defs/Category",
  "$defs": {
    "Category": {
      "type": "object",
      "required": [
        "name",
        "categories"
      ],
      "properties": {
        "name": {
          "type": "string",
          "description": "a string",
          "title": "string"
        },
        "categories": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {
            "$ref": "#/$defs/Category"
          }
        }
      },
      "additionalProperties": false
    }
  }
}
*/

In the example above, we define a schema for a "Category" that can contain a "name" (a string) and an array of nested "categories." To support recursive definitions, we use the S.suspend function and identifier annotations to name our schema.

This ensures that the JSON Schema properly handles the recursive structure and creates distinct definitions for each annotated schema, improving readability and maintainability.

Custom JSON Schema Annotations

When defining a refinement (e.g., through the filter function), you can attach a JSON Schema annotation to your schema containing a JSON Schema "fragment" related to this particular refinement. This fragment will be used to generate the corresponding JSON Schema. Note that if the schema consists of more than one refinement, the corresponding annotations will be merged.

Note:

The jsonSchema property is intentionally defined as a generic object. This allows it to describe non-standard extensions. As a result, the responsibility of enforcing type constraints is left to you, the user. If you prefer stricter type enforcement or need to support non-standard extensions, you can introduce a satisfies constraint on the object literal. This constraint should be used in conjunction with the typing library of your choice.

In the following example, we've used the @types/json-schema package to provide TypeScript definitions for JSON Schema. This approach not only ensures type correctness but also enables autocomplete suggestions in your IDE.

import { JSONSchema, Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import type { JSONSchema7 } from "json-schema"

// Simulate one or more refinements
const Positive = Schema.Number.pipe(
  Schema.filter((n) => n > 0, {
    jsonSchema: { minimum: 0 } // `jsonSchema` is a generic object; you can add any key-value pair without type errors or autocomplete suggestions.
  })
)

const schema = Positive.pipe(
  Schema.filter((n) => n <= 10, {
    jsonSchema: { maximum: 10 } satisfies JSONSchema7 //  Now `jsonSchema` is constrained to fulfill the JSONSchema7 type; incorrect properties will trigger type errors, and you'll get autocomplete suggestions.
  })
)

const jsonSchema = JSONSchema.make(schema)

console.log(JSON.stringify(jsonSchema, null, 2))
/*
Output:
{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "type": "number",
  "description": "a number",
  "title": "number",
  "minimum": 0,
  "maximum": 10
}
*/

For all other types of schema that are not refinements, the content of the annotation is used and overrides anything the system would have generated by default:

import { JSONSchema, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Struct({ foo: Schema.String }).annotations({
  jsonSchema: { type: "object" }
})

const jsonSchema = JSONSchema.make(schema)

console.log(JSON.stringify(jsonSchema, null, 2))
/*
Output
{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "type": "object"
}
the default would be:
{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "type": "object",
  "required": [
    "foo"
  ],
  "properties": {
    "foo": {
      "type": "string",
      "description": "a string",
      "title": "string"
    }
  },
  "additionalProperties": false
}
*/

Generating Equivalences

The make function, which is part of the @effect/schema/Equivalence module, allows you to generate an Equivalence based on a schema definition:

import { Equivalence, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

// $ExpectType Equivalence<{ readonly name: string; readonly age: number; }>
const PersonEquivalence = Equivalence.make(Person)

const john = { name: "John", age: 23 }
const alice = { name: "Alice", age: 30 }

console.log(PersonEquivalence(john, { name: "John", age: 23 })) // Output: true
console.log(PersonEquivalence(john, alice)) // Output: false

Customizations

You can customize the output using the equivalence annotation:

import { Equivalence, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.String.annotations({
  equivalence: () => (a, b) => a.at(0) === b.at(0)
})

console.log(Equivalence.make(schema)("aaa", "abb")) // Output: true

Basic Usage

Cheatsheet

Typescript Type	Description / Notes	Schema / Combinator
`null`		`S.Null`
`undefined`		`S.Undefined`
`string`		`S.String`
`number`		`S.Number`
`boolean`		`S.Boolean`
`symbol`		`S.SymbolFromSelf` / `S.Symbol`
`BigInt`		`S.BigIntFromSelf` / `S.BigInt`
`unknown`		`S.Unknown`
`any`		`S.Any`
`never`		`S.Never`
`object`		`S.Object`
`unique symbol`		`S.UniqueSymbolFromSelf`
`"a"`, `1`, `true`	type literals	`S.Literal("a")`, `S.Literal(1)`, `S.Literal(true)`
`a${string}`	template literals	`S.TemplateLiteral(S.Literal("a"), S.String)`
`{ readonly a: string, readonly b: number }`	structs	`S.Struct({ a: S.String, b: S.Number })`
`{ readonly a?: string \| undefined }`	optional fields	`S.Struct({ a: S.optional(S.String) })`
`{ readonly a?: string }`	optional fields	`S.Struct({ a: S.optional(S.String, { exact: true }) })`
`Record<A, B>`	records	`S.Record(A, B)`
`readonly [string, number]`	tuples	`S.Tuple(S.String, S.Number)`
`ReadonlyArray<string>`	arrays	`S.Array(S.String)`
`A \| B`	unions	`S.Union(A, B)`
`A & B`	intersections of non-overlapping structs	`S.extend(A, B)`
`Record<A, B> & Record<C, D>`	intersections of non-overlapping records	`S.extend(S.Record(A, B), S.Record(C, D))`
`type A = { readonly a: A \| null }`	recursive types	`S.Struct({ a: S.Union(S.Null, S.suspend(() => self)) })`
`keyof A`		`S.keyof(A)`
`partial<A>`		`S.partial(A)`
`required<A>`		`S.required(A)`

Primitives

Here are the primitive schemas provided by the @effect/schema/Schema module:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

Schema.String // Schema<string>
Schema.Number // Schema<number>
Schema.Boolean // Schema<boolean>
Schema.BigIntFromSelf // Schema<BigInt>
Schema.SymbolFromSelf // Schema<symbol>
Schema.Object // Schema<object>
Schema.Undefined // Schema<undefined>
Schema.Void // Schema<void>
Schema.Any // Schema<any>
Schema.Unknown // Schema<unknown>
Schema.Never // Schema<never>

These primitive schemas are building blocks for creating more complex schemas to describe your data structures.

Literals

Literals in schemas represent specific values that are directly specified. Here are some examples of literal schemas provided by the @effect/schema/Schema module:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

Schema.Null // same as S.Literal(null)
Schema.Literal("a")
Schema.Literal("a", "b", "c") // union of literals
Schema.Literal(1)
Schema.Literal(2n) // BigInt literal
Schema.Literal(true)

We can also use pickLiteral with a literal schema to narrow down the possible values:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

Schema.Literal("a", "b", "c").pipe(Schema.pickLiteral("a", "b")) // same as S.Literal("a", "b")

Sometimes, we need to reuse a schema literal in other parts of our code. Let's see an example:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const FruitId = Schema.Number
// the source of truth regarding the Fruit category
const FruitCategory = Schema.Literal("sweet", "citrus", "tropical")

const Fruit = Schema.Struct({
  id: FruitId,
  category: FruitCategory
})

// Here, we want to reuse our FruitCategory definition to create a subtype of Fruit
const SweetAndCitrusFruit = Schema.Struct({
  fruitId: FruitId,
  category: FruitCategory.pipe(Schema.pickLiteral("sweet", "citrus"))
  /*
    By using pickLiteral from the FruitCategory, we ensure that the values selected
    are those defined in the category definition above.
    If we remove "sweet" from the FruitCategory definition, TypeScript will notify us.
    */
})

In this example, FruitCategory serves as the source of truth for the categories of fruits. We reuse it to create a subtype of Fruit called SweetAndCitrusFruit, ensuring that only the categories defined in FruitCategory are allowed.

Exposed Values

You can access the literals of a literal schema:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Literal("a", "b")

// Accesses the literals
const literals = schema.literals // readonly ["a", "b"]

Template literals

The TemplateLiteral constructor allows you to create a schema for a TypeScript template literal type.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<`a${string}`>
Schema.TemplateLiteral(Schema.Literal("a"), Schema.String)

// example from https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/template-literal-types.html
const EmailLocaleIDs = Schema.Literal("welcome_email", "email_heading")
const FooterLocaleIDs = Schema.Literal("footer_title", "footer_sendoff")

// Schema<"welcome_email_id" | "email_heading_id" | "footer_title_id" | "footer_sendoff_id">
Schema.TemplateLiteral(
  Schema.Union(EmailLocaleIDs, FooterLocaleIDs),
  Schema.Literal("_id")
)

Unique Symbols

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const mySymbol = Symbol.for("mysymbol")

// const mySymbolSchema: S.Schema<typeof mySymbol>
const mySymbolSchema = Schema.UniqueSymbolFromSelf(mySymbol)

Filters

In the @effect/schema/Schema library, you can apply custom validation logic using filters.

You can define a custom validation check on any schema using the filter function. Here's a simple example:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const LongString = Schema.String.pipe(
  Schema.filter((s) =>
    s.length >= 10 ? undefined : "a string at least 10 characters long"
  )
)

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(LongString)("a"))
/*
throws:
Error: { string | filter }
└─ Predicate refinement failure
   └─ a string at least 10 characters long
*/

In the new signature of filter, the type of the predicate passed as an argument is as follows:

predicate: (a: A, options: ParseOptions, self: AST.Refinement) =>
  undefined | boolean | string | ParseResult.ParseIssue

with the following semantics:

true means the filter is successful.
false or undefined means the filter fails and no default message is set.
string means the filter fails and the returned string is used as the default message.
ParseIssue means the filter fails and the returned ParseIssue is used as an error.

It's also recommended to include as much metadata as possible for later introspection of the schema, such as an identifier, JSON schema representation, and a description:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const LongString = Schema.String.pipe(
  Schema.filter(
    (s) =>
      s.length >= 10 ? undefined : "a string at least 10 characters long",
    {
      identifier: "LongString",
      jsonSchema: { minLength: 10 },
      description:
        "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua"
    }
  )
)

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(LongString)("a"))
/*
throws:
Error: LongString
└─ Predicate refinement failure
   └─ a string at least 10 characters long
*/

For more complex scenarios, you can return a ParseIssue. Here's an example:

import { ParseResult, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.String, b: Schema.String }).pipe(
  Schema.filter((o) =>
    o.b === o.a
      ? undefined
      : new ParseResult.Type(
          Schema.Literal(o.a).ast,
          o.b,
          `b ("${o.b}") should be equal to a ("${o.a}")`
        )
  )
)

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)({ a: "foo", b: "bar" }))
/*
throws:
Error: { { readonly a: string; readonly b: string } | filter }
└─ Predicate refinement failure
   └─ b ("bar") should be equal to a ("foo")
*/

[!WARNING] Please note that the use of filters do not alter the type of the Schema. They only serve to add additional constraints to the parsing process. If you intend to modify the Type, consider using Branded types.

Exposed Values

You can access the base schema for which the filter has been defined:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const LongString = Schema.String.pipe(Schema.filter((s) => s.length >= 10))

// const From: typeof Schema.String
const From = LongString.from

In this example, you're able to access the original schema (Schema.String) for which the filter (LongString) has been defined. The from property provides access to this base schema.

String Filters

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

Schema.String.pipe(Schema.maxLength(5)) // Specifies maximum length of a string
Schema.String.pipe(Schema.minLength(5)) // Specifies minimum length of a string
Schema.NonEmpty // Equivalent to ensuring the string has a minimum length of 1
Schema.String.pipe(Schema.length(5)) // Specifies exact length of a string
Schema.String.pipe(Schema.length({ min: 2, max: 4 })) // Specifies a range for the length of a string
Schema.String.pipe(Schema.pattern(regex)) // Matches a string against a regular expression pattern
Schema.String.pipe(Schema.startsWith(string)) // Ensures a string starts with a specific substring
Schema.String.pipe(Schema.endsWith(string)) // Ensures a string ends with a specific substring
Schema.String.pipe(Schema.includes(searchString)) // Checks if a string includes a specific substring
Schema.String.pipe(Schema.trimmed()) // Validates that a string has no leading or trailing whitespaces
Schema.String.pipe(Schema.lowercased()) // Validates that a string is entirely in lowercase

[!NOTE] The trimmed combinator does not make any transformations, it only validates. If what you were looking for was a combinator to trim strings, then check out the trim combinator ot the Trim schema.

Number Filters

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.greaterThan(5)) // Specifies a number greater than 5
Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.greaterThanOrEqualTo(5)) // Specifies a number greater than or equal to 5
Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.lessThan(5)) // Specifies a number less than 5
Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.lessThanOrEqualTo(5)) // Specifies a number less than or equal to 5
Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.between(-2, 2)) // Specifies a number between -2 and 2, inclusive

Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.int()) // Specifies that the value must be an integer

Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.nonNaN()) // Ensures the value is not NaN
Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.finite()) // Ensures the value is finite and not Infinity or -Infinity

Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.positive()) // Specifies a positive number (> 0)
Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.nonNegative()) // Specifies a non-negative number (>= 0)
Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.negative()) // Specifies a negative number (< 0)
Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.nonPositive()) // Specifies a non-positive number (<= 0)

Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.multipleOf(5)) // Specifies a number that is evenly divisible by 5

BigInt Filters

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

Schema.BigInt.pipe(Schema.greaterThanBigInt(5n)) // Specifies a BigInt greater than 5
Schema.BigInt.pipe(Schema.greaterThanOrEqualToBigInt(5n)) // Specifies a BigInt greater than or equal to 5
Schema.BigInt.pipe(Schema.lessThanBigInt(5n)) // Specifies a BigInt less than 5
Schema.BigInt.pipe(Schema.lessThanOrEqualToBigInt(5n)) // Specifies a BigInt less than or equal to 5
Schema.BigInt.pipe(Schema.betweenBigInt(-2n, 2n)) // Specifies a BigInt between -2 and 2, inclusive

Schema.BigInt.pipe(Schema.positiveBigInt()) // Specifies a positive BigInt (> 0n)
Schema.BigInt.pipe(Schema.nonNegativeBigInt()) // Specifies a non-negative BigInt (>= 0n)
Schema.BigInt.pipe(Schema.negativeBigInt()) // Specifies a negative BigInt (< 0n)
Schema.BigInt.pipe(Schema.nonPositiveBigInt()) // Specifies a non-positive BigInt (<= 0n)

BigDecimal Filters

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { BigDecimal } from "effect"

Schema.BigDecimal.pipe(Schema.greaterThanBigDecimal(BigDecimal.fromNumber(5))) // Specifies a BigDecimal greater than 5
Schema.BigDecimal.pipe(
  Schema.greaterThanOrEqualToBigDecimal(BigDecimal.fromNumber(5))
) // Specifies a BigDecimal greater than or equal to 5
Schema.BigDecimal.pipe(Schema.lessThanBigDecimal(BigDecimal.fromNumber(5))) // Specifies a BigDecimal less than 5
Schema.BigDecimal.pipe(
  Schema.lessThanOrEqualToBigDecimal(BigDecimal.fromNumber(5))
) // Specifies a BigDecimal less than or equal to 5
Schema.BigDecimal.pipe(
  Schema.betweenBigDecimal(BigDecimal.fromNumber(-2), BigDecimal.fromNumber(2))
) // Specifies a BigDecimal between -2 and 2, inclusive

Schema.BigDecimal.pipe(Schema.positiveBigDecimal()) // Specifies a positive BigDecimal (> 0)
Schema.BigDecimal.pipe(Schema.nonNegativeBigDecimal()) // Specifies a non-negative BigDecimal (>= 0)
Schema.BigDecimal.pipe(Schema.negativeBigDecimal()) // Specifies a negative BigDecimal (< 0)
Schema.BigDecimal.pipe(Schema.nonPositiveBigDecimal()) // Specifies a non-positive BigDecimal (<= 0)

Duration Filters

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

Schema.Duration.pipe(Schema.greaterThanDuration("5 seconds")) // Specifies a duration greater than 5 seconds
Schema.Duration.pipe(Schema.greaterThanOrEqualToDuration("5 seconds")) // Specifies a duration greater than or equal to 5 seconds
Schema.Duration.pipe(Schema.lessThanDuration("5 seconds")) // Specifies a duration less than 5 seconds
Schema.Duration.pipe(Schema.lessThanOrEqualToDuration("5 seconds")) // Specifies a duration less than or equal to 5 seconds
Schema.Duration.pipe(Schema.betweenDuration("5 seconds", "10 seconds")) // Specifies a duration between 5 seconds and 10 seconds, inclusive

Array Filters

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

Schema.Array(Schema.Number).pipe(Schema.maxItems(2)) // Specifies the maximum number of items in the array
Schema.Array(Schema.Number).pipe(Schema.minItems(2)) // Specifies the minimum number of items in the array
Schema.Array(Schema.Number).pipe(Schema.itemsCount(2)) // Specifies the exact number of items in the array

Branded types

TypeScript's type system is structural, which means that any two types that are structurally equivalent are considered the same. This can cause issues when types that are semantically different are treated as if they were the same.

type UserId = string
type Username = string

const getUser = (id: UserId) => { ... }

const myUsername: Username = "gcanti"

getUser(myUsername) // works fine

In the above example, UserId and Username are both aliases for the same type, string. This means that the getUser function can mistakenly accept a Username as a valid UserId, causing bugs and errors.

To avoid these kinds of issues, the @effect ecosystem provides a way to create custom types with a unique identifier attached to them. These are known as "branded types".

import { Brand } from "effect"

type UserId = string & Brand.Brand<"UserId">
type Username = string

const getUser = (id: UserId) => { ... }

const myUsername: Username = "gcanti"

getUser(myUsername) // error

By defining UserId as a branded type, the getUser function can accept only values of type UserId, and not plain strings or other types that are compatible with strings. This helps to prevent bugs caused by accidentally passing the wrong type of value to the function.

There are two ways to define a schema for a branded type, depending on whether you:

want to define the schema from scratch
have already defined a branded type via effect/Brand and want to reuse it to define a schema

Defining a schema from scratch

To define a schema for a branded type from scratch, you can use the brand combinator exported by the @effect/schema/Schema module. Here's an example:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const UserId = Schema.String.pipe(Schema.brand("UserId"))
type UserId = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof UserId> // string & Brand<"UserId">

Note that you can use unique symbols as brands to ensure uniqueness across modules / packages:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const UserIdBrand = Symbol.for("UserId")
const UserId = Schema.String.pipe(Schema.brand(UserIdBrand))

// string & Brand<typeof UserIdBrand>
type UserId = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof UserId>

Reusing an existing branded type

If you have already defined a branded type using the effect/Brand module, you can reuse it to define a schema using the fromBrand combinator exported by the @effect/schema/Schema module. Here's an example:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Brand } from "effect"

// the existing branded type
type UserId = string & Brand.Brand<"UserId">
const UserId = Brand.nominal<UserId>()

// Define a schema for the branded type
const UserIdSchema = Schema.String.pipe(Schema.fromBrand(UserId))

Native enums

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

enum Fruits {
  Apple,
  Banana
}

// Schema.Enums<typeof Fruits>
const schema = Schema.Enums(Fruits)

Accessing Enum Members

Enums are exposed under an enums property of the schema:

// Access the enum members
Schema.Enums(Fruits).enums // Returns all enum members
Schema.Enums(Fruits).enums.Apple // Access the Apple member
Schema.Enums(Fruits).enums.Banana // Access the Banana member

Nullables

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Represents a schema for a string or null value
Schema.NullOr(Schema.String)

// Represents a schema for a string, null, or undefined value
Schema.NullishOr(Schema.String)

// Represents a schema for a string or undefined value
Schema.UndefinedOr(Schema.String)

Unions

@effect/schema/Schema includes a built-in union combinator for composing "OR" types.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<string | number>
Schema.Union(S.String, S.Number)

Union of Literals

While the following is perfectly acceptable:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<"a" | "b" | "c">
const schema = Schema.Union(
  Schema.Literal("a"),
  Schema.Literal("b"),
  Schema.Literal("c")
)

It is possible to use Literal and pass multiple literals, which is less cumbersome:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<"a" | "b" | "c">
const schema = Schema.Literal("a", "b", "c")

Under the hood, they are the same, as Literal(...literals) will be converted into a union.

Discriminated unions

TypeScript reference: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/narrowing.html#discriminated-unions

Discriminated unions in TypeScript are a way of modeling complex data structures that may take on different forms based on a specific set of conditions or properties. They allow you to define a type that represents multiple related shapes, where each shape is uniquely identified by a shared discriminant property.

In a discriminated union, each variant of the union has a common property, called the discriminant. The discriminant is a literal type, which means it can only have a finite set of possible values. Based on the value of the discriminant property, TypeScript can infer which variant of the union is currently in use.

Here is an example of a discriminated union in TypeScript:

type Circle = {
  readonly kind: "circle"
  readonly radius: number
}

type Square = {
  readonly kind: "square"
  readonly sideLength: number
}

type Shape = Circle | Square

This code defines a discriminated union using the @effect/schema library:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Circle = Schema.Struct({
  kind: Schema.Literal("circle"),
  radius: Schema.Number
})

const Square = Schema.Struct({
  kind: Schema.Literal("square"),
  sideLength: Schema.Number
})

const Shape = Schema.Union(Circle, Square)

The Literal combinator is used to define the discriminant property with a specific string literal value.

Two structs are defined for Circle and Square, each with their own properties. These structs represent the variants of the union.

Finally, the union combinator is used to create a schema for the discriminated union Shape, which is a union of Circle and Square.

How to transform a simple union into a discriminated union

If you're working on a TypeScript project and you've defined a simple union to represent a particular input, you may find yourself in a situation where you're not entirely happy with how it's set up. For example, let's say you've defined a Shape union as a combination of Circle and Square without any special property:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Circle = Schema.Struct({
  radius: Schema.Number
})

const Square = Schema.Struct({
  sideLength: Schema.Number
})

const Shape = Schema.Union(Circle, Square)

To make your code more manageable, you may want to transform the simple union into a discriminated union. This way, TypeScript will be able to automatically determine which member of the union you're working with based on the value of a specific property.

To achieve this, you can add a special property to each member of the union, which will allow TypeScript to know which type it's dealing with at runtime. Here's how you can transform the Shape schema into another schema that represents a discriminated union:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import * as assert from "node:assert"

const Circle = Schema.Struct({
  radius: Schema.Number
})

const Square = Schema.Struct({
  sideLength: Schema.Number
})

const DiscriminatedShape = Schema.Union(
  Circle.pipe(
    Schema.transform(
      Schema.Struct({ ...Circle.fields, kind: Schema.Literal("circle") }), // Add a "kind" property with the literal value "circle" to Circle
      {
        decode: (circle) => ({ ...circle, kind: "circle" as const }), // Add the discriminant property to Circle
        encode: ({ kind: _kind, ...rest }) => rest // Remove the discriminant property
      }
    )
  ),
  Square.pipe(
    Schema.transform(
      Schema.Struct({ ...Square.fields, kind: Schema.Literal("square") }), // Add a "kind" property with the literal value "square" to Square
      {
        decode: (square) => ({ ...square, kind: "square" as const }), // Add the discriminant property to Square
        encode: ({ kind: _kind, ...rest }) => rest // Remove the discriminant property
      }
    )
  )
)

assert.deepStrictEqual(
  Schema.decodeUnknownSync(DiscriminatedShape)({ radius: 10 }),
  {
    kind: "circle",
    radius: 10
  }
)

assert.deepStrictEqual(
  Schema.decodeUnknownSync(DiscriminatedShape)({ sideLength: 10 }),
  {
    kind: "square",
    sideLength: 10
  }
)

The previous solution works perfectly and shows how we can add and remove properties to our schema at will, making it easier to consume the result within our domain model. However, it requires a lot of boilerplate. Fortunately, there is an API called attachPropertySignature designed specifically for this use case, which allows us to achieve the same result with much less effort:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import * as assert from "node:assert"

const Circle = Schema.Struct({ radius: Schema.Number })
const Square = Schema.Struct({ sideLength: Schema.Number })
const DiscriminatedShape = Schema.Union(
  Circle.pipe(Schema.attachPropertySignature("kind", "circle")),
  Square.pipe(Schema.attachPropertySignature("kind", "square"))
)

// decoding
assert.deepStrictEqual(
  Schema.decodeUnknownSync(DiscriminatedShape)({ radius: 10 }),
  {
    kind: "circle",
    radius: 10
  }
)

// encoding
assert.deepStrictEqual(
  Schema.encodeSync(DiscriminatedShape)({
    kind: "circle",
    radius: 10
  }),
  { radius: 10 }
)

Exposed Values

You can access the members of a union schema:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Union(Schema.String, Schema.Number)

// Accesses the members of the union
const members = schema.members // [typeof Schema.String, typeof Schema.Number]

Tuples

required Elements

To define a tuple with required elements, you simply specify the list of elements:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// const opaque: Schema.Tuple<[typeof Schema.String, typeof Schema.Number]>
const opaque = Schema.Tuple(Schema.String, Schema.Number)

// const nonOpaque: Schema.Schema<readonly [string, number], readonly [string, number], never>
const nonOpaque = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Append a required element

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.Tuple<[typeof Schema.String, typeof Schema.Number]>
const tuple1 = Schema.Tuple(Schema.String, Schema.Number)

// Schema.Tuple<[typeof Schema.String, typeof Schema.Number, typeof Schema.Boolean]>
const tuple2 = Schema.Tuple(...tuple1.elements, Schema.Boolean)

Optional Elements

To define an optional element, wrap the schema of the element with the OptionalElement modifier:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.Tuple<[typeof Schema.String, Schema.OptionalElement<typeof Schema.Number>]>
const opaque = Schema.Tuple(
  Schema.String,
  Schema.optionalElement(Schema.Number)
)

// Schema.Schema<readonly [string, number?], readonly [string, number?], never>
const nonOpaque = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Rest Element

To define rest elements, follow the list of elements (required or optional) with an element for the rest:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.TupleType<readonly [typeof Schema.String, Schema.OptionalElement<typeof Schema.Number>], [typeof Schema.Boolean]>
const opaque = Schema.Tuple(
  [Schema.String, Schema.optionalElement(Schema.Number)],
  Schema.Boolean
)

// Schema.Schema<readonly [string, number?, ...boolean[]], readonly [string, number?, ...boolean[]], never>
const nonOpaque = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Optionally, you can include other elements after the rest:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.TupleType<readonly [typeof Schema.String, Schema.OptionalElement<typeof Schema.Number>], [typeof Schema.Boolean, typeof Schema.String]>
const opaque = Schema.Tuple(
  [Schema.String, Schema.optionalElement(Schema.Number)],
  Schema.Boolean,
  Schema.String
)

// Schema.Schema<readonly [string, number | undefined, ...boolean[], string], readonly [string, number | undefined, ...boolean[], string], never>
const nonOpaque = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Exposed Values

You can access the elements and rest elements of a tuple schema:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Tuple(
  [Schema.String, Schema.optionalElement(Schema.Number)],
  Schema.Boolean,
  Schema.Number
)

// Accesses the elements of the tuple
const tupleElements = schema.elements // readonly [typeof Schema.String, Schema.OptionalElement<typeof Schema.Number>]

// Accesses the rest elements of the tuple
const restElements = schema.rest // readonly [typeof Schema.Boolean, typeof Schema.Number]

Arrays

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.Array$<typeof Schema.Number>
const opaque = Schema.Array(Schema.Number)

// Schema.Schema<readonly number[], readonly number[], never>
const schema = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Exposed Values

You can access the value of an array schema:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Array(Schema.String)

// Accesses the value
const value = schema.value // typeof Schema.String

Mutable Arrays

By default, when you use S.Array, it generates a type marked as readonly. The mutable combinator is a useful function for creating a new schema with a mutable type in a shallow manner:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.mutable<Schema.Array$<typeof Schema.Number>>
const opaque = Schema.mutable(Schema.Array(Schema.Number))

// Schema.Schema<number[], number[], never>
const schema = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Non empty arrays

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.NonEmptyArray<typeof Schema.Number>
const opaque = Schema.NonEmptyArray(Schema.Number)

// Schema.Schema<readonly [number, ...number[]], readonly [number, ...number[]], never>
const schema = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Exposed Values

You can access the value of a non-empty array schema:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.NonEmptyArray(Schema.String)

// Accesses the value
const value = schema.value // typeof Schema.String

Records

String keys

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.Record$<typeof Schema.String, typeof Schema.Number>
const opaque1 = Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Number)

// Schema.Schema<{ readonly [x: string]: number; }>
const schema1 = Schema.asSchema(opaque1)

// Schema.Record$<Schema.Union<[Schema.Literal<["a"]>, Schema.Literal<["b"]>]>, typeof Schema.Number>
const opaque2 = Schema.Record(
  Schema.Union(Schema.Literal("a"), Schema.Literal("b")),
  Schema.Number
)

// Schema.Schema<{ readonly a: number; readonly b: number; }>
const schema2 = Schema.asSchema(opaque2)

Keys refinements

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.Record$<Schema.filter<Schema.Schema<string, string, never>>, typeof Schema.Number>
const opaque = Schema.Record(
  Schema.String.pipe(Schema.minLength(2)),
  Schema.Number
)

// Schema.Schema<{ readonly [x: string]: number; }>
const schema = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Symbol keys

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.Record$<typeof Schema.SymbolFromSelf, typeof Schema.Number>
const opaque = Schema.Record(Schema.SymbolFromSelf, Schema.Number)

// Schema.Schema<{ readonly [x: symbol]: number; }>
const schema = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Template literal keys

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.Record$<Schema.Schema<`a${string}`, `a${string}`, never>, typeof Schema.Number>
const opaque = Schema.Record(
  Schema.TemplateLiteral(Schema.Literal("a"), Schema.String),
  Schema.Number
)

// Schema.Schema<{ readonly [x: `a${string}`]: number; }>
const schema = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Mutable Records

By default, when you use S.Record, it generates a type marked as readonly. The mutable combinator is a useful function for creating a new schema with a mutable type in a shallow manner:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.mutable<Schema.Record$<typeof Schema.String, typeof Schema.Number>>
const opaque = Schema.mutable(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Number))

// Schema.Schema<{ [x: string]: number; }>
const schema = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Exposed Values

You can access the key and the value of a record schema:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Number)

// Accesses the key
const key = schema.key // typeof Schema.String

// Accesses the value
const value = schema.value // typeof Schema.Number

Structs

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.Struct<{ a: typeof Schema.String; b: typeof Schema.Number; }>
const opaque = Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.String, b: Schema.Number })

// Schema.Schema<{ readonly a: string; readonly b: number; }>
const schema = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Index Signatures

The Struct constructor optionally accepts a list of key/value pairs representing index signatures:

(props, ...indexSignatures) => Struct<...>

Example

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

/*
Schema.TypeLiteral<{
    a: typeof Schema.Number;
}, readonly [{
    readonly key: typeof Schema.String;
    readonly value: typeof Schema.Number;
}]>
*/
const opaque = Schema.Struct(
  {
    a: Schema.Number
  },
  { key: Schema.String, value: Schema.Number }
)

/*
Schema.Schema<{
    readonly [x: string]: number;
    readonly a: number;
}, {
    readonly [x: string]: number;
    readonly a: number;
}, never>
*/
const nonOpaque = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Since the Record constructor returns a schema that exposes both the key and the value, instead of passing a bare object { key, value }, you can use the Record constructor:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

/*
Schema.TypeLiteral<{
    a: typeof Schema.Number;
}, readonly [Schema.Record$<typeof Schema.String, typeof Schema.Number>]>
*/
const opaque = Schema.Struct(
  { a: Schema.Number },
  Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Number)
)

/*
Schema.Schema<{
    readonly [x: string]: number;
    readonly a: number;
}, {
    readonly [x: string]: number;
    readonly a: number;
}, never>
*/
const nonOpaque = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Exposed Values

You can access the fields and the records of a struct schema:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Struct(
  { a: Schema.Number },
  Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Number)
)

// Accesses the fields
const fields = schema.fields // { readonly a: typeof Schema.Number; }

// Accesses the records
const records = schema.records // readonly [Schema.Record$<typeof Schema.String, typeof Schema.Number>]

Mutable Properties

By default, when you use S.struct, it generates a type with properties that are marked as readonly. The mutable combinator is a useful function for creating a new schema with properties made mutable in a shallow manner:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

/*
Schema.mutable<Schema.Struct<{
    a: typeof Schema.String;
    b: typeof Schema.Number;
}>>
*/
const opaque = Schema.mutable(
  Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.String, b: Schema.Number })
)

// Schema.Schema<{ a: string; b: number; }>
const schema = Schema.asSchema(opaque)

Property Signatures

A PropertySignature generally represents a transformation from a "From" field:

{
  fromKey: fromType
}

to a "To" field:

{
  toKey: toType
}

Let's start with the simple definition of a property signature that can be used to add annotations:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

/*
Schema.Struct<{
    name: typeof Schema.String;
    age: Schema.PropertySignature<":", number, never, ":", string, false, never>;
}>
*/
const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.propertySignature(Schema.NumberFromString).annotations({
    title: "Age"
  })
})

Let's delve into the details of all the information contained in the type of a PropertySignature:

age: PropertySignature<
  ToToken,
  ToType,
  FromKey,
  FromToken,
  FromType,
  HasDefault,
  Context
>

age: is the key of the "To" field
ToToken: either "?:" or ":", "?:" indicates that the "To" field is optional, ":" indicates that the "To" field is required
ToType: the type of the "To" field
FromKey (optional, default = never): indicates the key from the field from which the transformation starts, by default it is equal to the key of the "To" field (i.e., "age" in this case)
FormToken: either "?:" or ":", "?:" indicates that the "From" field is optional, ":" indicates that the "From" field is required
FromType: the type of the "From" field
HasDefault: indicates whether it has a constructor default value.

In our case, the type

PropertySignature<":", number, never, ":", string, false, never>

indicates that there is the following transformation:

age is the key of the "To" field
ToToken = ":" indicates that the age field is required
ToType = number indicates that the type of the age field is number
FromKey = never indicates that the decoding occurs from the same field named age
FormToken = "." indicates that the decoding occurs from a required age field
FromType = string indicates that the decoding occurs from a string type age field
HasDefault = false: no default.

Let's see an example of decoding:

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Person)({ name: "name", age: "18" }))
// Output: { name: 'name', age: 18 }

Now, suppose the field from which decoding occurs is named "AGE", but for our model, we want to keep the name in lowercase "age". To achieve this result, we need to map the field key from "AGE" to "age", and to do that, we can use the fromKey combinator:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

/*
Schema.Struct<{
    name: typeof Schema.String;
    age: Schema.PropertySignature<":", number, "AGE", ":", string, false, never>;
}>
*/
const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.propertySignature(Schema.NumberFromString).pipe(
    Schema.fromKey("AGE")
  )
})

This modification is represented in the type of the created PropertySignature:

// fromKey ----------------------v
PropertySignature<":", number, "AGE", ":", string, false, never>

Now, let's see an example of decoding:

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Person)({ name: "name", AGE: "18" }))
// Output: { name: 'name', age: 18 }

Optional Fields

Cheatsheet

Combinator	From	To
`optional`	`Schema<A, I, R>`	`PropertySignature<"?:", string \| undefined, never, "?:", string \| undefined, never>`
`optional`	`Schema<A, I, R>`, `{ nullable: true }`	`PropertySignature<"?:", string \| null \| undefined, never, "?:", string \| null \| undefined, never>`
`optional`	`Schema<A, I, R>`, `{ exact: true }`	`PropertySignature<"?:", string, never, "?:", string, never>`
`optional`	`Schema<A, I, R>`, `{ exact: true, nullable: true }`	`PropertySignature<"?:", string \| null, never, "?:", string \| null, never>`

optional(schema)

decoding
- <missing value> -> <missing value>
- undefined -> undefined
- i -> a
encoding
- <missing value> -> <missing value>
- undefined -> undefined
- a -> i

optional(schema, { nullable: true })

decoding
- <missing value> -> <missing value>
- undefined -> undefined
- null -> <missing value>
- i -> a
encoding
- <missing value> -> <missing value>
- undefined -> undefined
- a -> i

optional(schema, { exact: true })

decoding
- <missing value> -> <missing value>
- i -> a
encoding
- <missing value> -> <missing value>
- a -> i

optional(schema, { exact: true, nullable: true })

decoding
- <missing value> -> <missing value>
- null -> <missing value>
- i -> a
encoding
- <missing value> -> <missing value>
- a -> i

Default Values

The default option allows you to set a default value for both the decoding phase and the default constructor.

Example

Let's see how default values work in both the decoding and constructing phases, illustrating how the default value is applied when certain properties are not provided.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Product = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  price: Schema.NumberFromString,
  quantity: Schema.optional(Schema.NumberFromString, { default: () => 1 })
})

// Applying defaults in the decoding phase
console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Product)({ name: "Laptop", price: "999" })) // { name: 'Laptop', price: 999, quantity: 1 }
console.log(
  Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Product)({
    name: "Laptop",
    price: "999",
    quantity: "2"
  })
) // { name: 'Laptop', price: 999, quantity: 2 }

// Applying defaults in the constructor
console.log(Product.make({ name: "Laptop", price: 999 })) // { name: 'Laptop', price: 999, quantity: 1 }
console.log(Product.make({ name: "Laptop", price: 999, quantity: 2 })) // { name: 'Laptop', price: 999, quantity: 2 }

Combinator	From	To
`optional`	`Schema<A, I, R>`, `{ default: () => A }`	`PropertySignature<":", string, never, "?:", string \| undefined, never>`
`optional`	`Schema<A, I, R>`, `{ exact: true, default: () => A }`	`PropertySignature<":", string, never, "?:", string, never>`
`optional`	`Schema<A, I, R>`, `{ nullable: true, default: () => A }`	`PropertySignature<":", string, never, "?:", string \| null \| undefined, never>`
`optional`	`Schema<A, I, R>`, `{ exact: true, nullable: true, default: () => A }`	`PropertySignature<":", string, never, "?:", string \| null, never>`

optional(schema, { default: () => A })

decoding
- <missing value> -> <default value>
- undefined -> <default value>
- i -> a
encoding
- a -> i

optional(schema, { exact: true, default: () => A })

decoding
- <missing value> -> <default value>
- i -> a
encoding
- a -> i

optional(schema, { nullable: true, default: () => A })

decoding
- <missing value> -> <default value>
- undefined -> <default value>
- null -> <default value>
- i -> a
encoding
- a -> i

optional(schema, { exact: true, nullable: true, default: () => A })

decoding
- <missing value> -> <default value>
- null -> <default value>
- i -> a
encoding
- a -> i

Optional Fields as `Option`s

Combinator	From	To
`optional`	`Schema<A, I, R>`, `{ as: "Option" }`	`PropertySignature<":", Option<string>, never, "?:", string \| undefined, never>`
`optional`	`Schema<A, I, R>`, `{ exact: true, as: "Option" }`	`PropertySignature<":", Option<string>, never, "?:", string, never>`
`optional`	`Schema<A, I, R>`, `{ nullable: true, as: "Option" }`	`PropertySignature<":", Option<string>, never, "?:", string \| null \| undefined, never>`
`optional`	`Schema<A, I, R>`, `{ exact: true, nullable: true, as: "Option" }`	`PropertySignature<":", Option<string>, never, "?:", string \| null, never>`

optional(schema, { as: "Option" })

decoding
- <missing value> -> Option.none()
- undefined -> Option.none()
- i -> Option.some(a)
encoding
- Option.none() -> <missing value>
- Option.some(a) -> i

optional(schema, { exact: true, as: "Option" })

decoding
- <missing value> -> Option.none()
- i -> Option.some(a)
encoding
- Option.none() -> <missing value>
- Option.some(a) -> i

optional(schema, { nullable: true, as: "Option" })

decoding
- <missing value> -> Option.none()
- undefined -> Option.none()
- null -> Option.none()
- i -> Option.some(a)
encoding
- Option.none() -> <missing value>
- Option.some(a) -> i

optional(schema, { exact: true, nullable: true, as: "Option" })

decoding
- <missing value> -> Option.none()
- null -> Option.none()
- i -> Option.some(a)
encoding
- Option.none() -> <missing value>
- Option.some(a) -> i

Optional Fields Primitives

The optional API is based on two primitives: pptionalToOptional and optionalTorequired. These primitives are incredibly useful for defining property signatures with more precision.

optionalToOptional

The pptionalToOptional API is used to manage the transformation from an optional field to another optional field. With this, we can control both the output type and the presence or absence of the field.

For example a common use case is to equate a specific value in the source field with the absence of value in the destination field.

Here's the signature of the pptionalToOptional API:

export const optionalToOptional = <FA, FI, FR, TA, TI, TR>(
  from: Schema<FA, FI, FR>,
  to: Schema<TA, TI, TR>,
  options: {
    readonly decode: (o: Option.Option<FA>) => Option.Option<TI>,
    readonly encode: (o: Option.Option<TI>) => Option.Option<FA>
  }
): PropertySignature<"?:", TA, never, "?:", FI, false, FR | TR>

As you can see, we can transform the type by specifying a schema for to, which can be different from the schema of from. Additionally, we can control the presence or absence of the field using decode and encode, with the following meanings:

decode:
- none as an argument means the value is missing in the input
- none as a return value means the value will be missing in the output
encode:
- none as an argument means the value is missing in the input
- none as a return value means the value will be missing in the output

Example

Suppose we have an optional field of type string, and we want to exclude empty strings from the output. In other words, if the input contains an empty string, we want the field to be absent in the output.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { identity, Option } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.Struct({
  a: Schema.optionalToOptional(Schema.String, Schema.String, {
    decode: (input) => {
      if (Option.isNone(input)) {
        // If the field is absent in the input, returning `Option.none()` will make it absent in the output too
        return Option.none()
      }
      const value = input.value
      if (value === "") {
        // If the field is present in the input but is an empty string, returning `Option.none()` will make it absent in the output
        return Option.none()
      }
      // If the field is present in the input and is not an empty string, returning `Option.some` will make it present in the output
      return Option.some(value)
    },
    // Here in the encoding part, we can decide to handle things in the same way as in the decoding phase
    // or handle them differently. For example, we can leave everything unchanged and use the identity function
    encode: identity
  })
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode({})) // Output: {}
console.log(decode({ a: "" })) // Output: {}
console.log(decode({ a: "a non-empty string" })) // Output: { a: 'a non-empty string' }

const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(encode({})) // Output: {}
console.log(encode({ a: "" })) // Output: { a: '' }
console.log(encode({ a: "foo" })) // Output: { a: 'foo' }

optionalTorequired

The optionalTorequired API allows us to transform an optional field into a required one, applying custom logic if the field is absent in the input.

export const optionalTorequired = <FA, FI, FR, TA, TI, TR>(
  from: Schema<FA, FI, FR>,
  to: Schema<TA, TI, TR>,
  options: {
    readonly decode: (o: Option.Option<FA>) => TI,
    readonly encode: (ti: TI) => Option.Option<FA>
  }
): PropertySignature<":", TA, never, "?:", FI, false, FR | TR>

For instance, a common use case is to assign a default value to the field in the output if it's missing in the input. Let's see an example:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Option } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.Struct({
  a: Schema.optionalToRequired(Schema.String, Schema.String, {
    decode: (input) => {
      if (Option.isNone(input)) {
        // If the field is absent in the input, we can return the default value for the field in the output
        return "default value"
      }
      // If the field is present in the input, return its value as it is in the output
      return input.value
    },
    // During encoding, we can choose to handle things differently, or simply return the same value present in the input for the output
    encode: (a) => Option.some(a)
  })
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode({})) // Output: { a: 'default value' }
console.log(decode({ a: "foo" })) // Output: { a: 'foo' }

const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(encode({ a: "foo" })) // Output: { a: 'foo' }

Renaming Properties

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Struct({
  a: Schema.propertySignature(Schema.String).pipe(Schema.fromKey("c")),
  b: Schema.Number
})

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)({ c: "c", b: 1 }))
// Output: { a: "c", b: 1 }

Renaming Properties Of An Existing Schema

To rename one or more properties, you can utilize the rename API:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Original Schema
const originalSchema = Schema.Struct({ c: Schema.String, b: Schema.Number })

// Renaming the "a" property to "c"
const renamedSchema = Schema.rename(originalSchema, { c: "a" })

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(renamedSchema)({ c: "c", b: 1 }))
// Output: { a: "c", b: 1 }

In the example above, we have an original schema with properties "a" and "b." Using the rename API, we create a new schema where we rename the "a" property to "c." The resulting schema, when used with S.decodeUnknownSync, transforms the input object by renaming the specified property.

instanceOf

When you need to define a schema for your custom data type defined through a class, the most convenient and fast way is to use the Schema.instanceOf constructor. Let's see an example:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

class MyData {
  constructor(readonly name: string) {}
}

// Schema.instanceOf<MyData>
const MyDataSchema = Schema.instanceOf(MyData)

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(MyDataSchema)(new MyData("name")))
// MyData { name: 'name' }
console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(MyDataSchema)({ name: "name" }))
/*
throws
Error: Expected an instance of MyData, actual {"name":"name"}
*/

The Schema.instanceOf constructor is just a lightweight wrapper of the Schema.declare API, which is the primitive in @effect/schema for declaring new custom data types.

However, note that instanceOf can only be used for classes that expose a public constructor. If you try to use it with classes that, for some reason, have marked the constructor as private, you'll receive a TypeScript error:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

class MyData {
  static make = (name: string) => new MyData(name)
  private constructor(readonly name: string) {}
}

/*
Argument of type 'typeof MyData' is not assignable to parameter of type 'abstract new (...args: any) => any'.
  Cannot assign a 'private' constructor type to a 'public' constructor type.ts(2345)
*/
const MyDataSchema = Schema.instanceOf(MyData)

In such cases, you cannot use Schema.instanceOf, and you must rely on Schema.declare like this:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

class MyData {
  static make = (name: string) => new MyData(name)
  private constructor(readonly name: string) {}
}

const MyDataSchema = Schema.declare(
  (input: unknown): input is MyData => input instanceof MyData
)

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(MyDataSchema)(MyData.make("name")))
// MyData { name: 'name' }
console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(MyDataSchema)({ name: "name" }))
/*
throws
Error: Expected <declaration schema>, actual {"name":"name"}
*/

To improve the error message in case of failed decoding, remember to add annotations:

const MyDataSchema = Schema.declare(
  (input: unknown): input is MyData => input instanceof MyData,
  {
    identifier: "MyData",
    description: "an instance of MyData"
  }
)

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(MyDataSchema)({ name: "name" }))
/*
throws
Error: Expected MyData (an instance of MyData), actual {"name":"name"}
*/

pick

The pick operation is used to select specific properties from a schema.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<{ readonly a: string; }>
Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.String, b: Schema.Number, c: Schema.Boolean }).pipe(
  Schema.pick("a")
)

// Schema<{ readonly a: string; readonly c: boolean; }>
Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.String, b: Schema.Number, c: Schema.Boolean }).pipe(
  Schema.pick("a", "c")
)

omit

The omit operation is employed to exclude certain properties from a schema.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<{ readonly b: number; readonly c: boolean; }>
Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.String, b: Schema.Number, c: Schema.Boolean }).pipe(
  Schema.omit("a")
)

// Schema<{ readonly b: number; }>
Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.String, b: Schema.Number, c: Schema.Boolean }).pipe(
  Schema.omit("a", "c")
)

partial

The partial operation makes all properties within a schema optional.

By default, the partial operation adds a union with undefined to the types. If you wish to avoid this, you can opt-out by passing a { exact: true } argument to the partial operation.

Example

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

/*
Schema.Schema<{
    readonly a?: string | undefined;
}, {
    readonly a?: string | undefined;
}, never>
*/
const schema = Schema.partial(Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.String }))

Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)({ a: "a" }) // ok
Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)({ a: undefined }) // ok

/*
Schema.Schema<{
    readonly a?: string;
}, {
    readonly a?: string;
}, never>
*/
const exactSchema = Schema.partial(Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.String }), {
  exact: true
})

Schema.decodeUnknownSync(exactSchema)({ a: "a" }) // ok
Schema.decodeUnknownSync(exactSchema)({ a: undefined })
/*
throws:
Error: { readonly a?: string }
└─ ["a"]
   └─ Expected a string, actual undefined
*/

required

The required operation ensures that all properties in a schema are mandatory.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<{ readonly a: string; readonly b: number; }>
Schema.required(
  Schema.Struct({
    a: Schema.optional(Schema.String, { exact: true }),
    b: Schema.optional(Schema.Number, { exact: true })
  })
)

Extending Schemas

The extend combinator allows you to add additional fields or index signatures to an existing Schema.

Example

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Struct({
  a: Schema.String,
  b: Schema.String
})

/*
const extended: S.Schema<{
    readonly [x: string]: string;
    readonly a: string;
    readonly b: string;
    readonly c: string;
}>
*/
const extended = Schema.asSchema(
  schema.pipe(
    Schema.extend(Schema.Struct({ c: Schema.String })), // <= you can add more fields
    Schema.extend(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.String)) // <= you can add index signatures
  )
)

Alternatively, you can utilize the fields property of structs:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.String, b: Schema.String })

const extended = Schema.Struct(
  {
    ...schema.fields,
    c: Schema.String
  },
  { key: Schema.String, value: Schema.String }
)

[!NOTE] Note that there are strict limitations on the schemas that can be handled by extend:

It only supports structs, refinements of structs, unions of structs, suspensions of structs (informally Supported = Struct | Refinement of Supported | Union of Supported | suspend(() => Supported))
The arguments must represent disjoint types (e.g., extend(Struct({ a: String }), Struct({ a: String }))) raises an error)

Composition

Combining and reusing schemas is a common requirement, the compose combinator allows you to do just that. It enables you to combine two schemas, Schema<B, A, R1> and Schema<C, B, R2>, into a single schema Schema<C, A, R1 | R2>:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<readonly string[], string>
const schema1 = Schema.split(",")

// Schema<readonly number[], readonly string[]>
const schema2 = Schema.Array(Schema.NumberFromString)

// Schema<readonly number[], string>
const ComposedSchema = Schema.compose(schema1, schema2)

In this example, we have two schemas, schema1 and schema2. The first schema, schema1, takes a string and splits it into an array using a comma as the delimiter. The second schema, schema2, transforms an array of strings into an array of numbers.

Now, by using the compose combinator, we can create a new schema, ComposedSchema, that combines the functionality of both schema1 and schema2. This allows us to parse a string and directly obtain an array of numbers as a result.

Non-strict Option

If you need to be less restrictive when composing your schemas, i.e., when you have something like Schema<R1, A, B> and Schema<R2, C, D> where C is different from B, you can make use of the { strict: false } option:

declare const compose: <A, B, R1, D, C, R2>(
  from: Schema<B, A, R1>,
  to: Schema<D, C, R2>,
  options: { readonly strict: false } // Less strict constraint
) => Schema<D, A, R1 | R2>

This is useful when you want to relax the type constraints imposed by the decode and encode functions, making them more permissive:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// error: Type 'string | null' is not assignable to type 'string'
Schema.compose(
  Schema.Union(Schema.Null, Schema.String),
  Schema.NumberFromString
)

// ok
Schema.compose(
  Schema.Union(Schema.Null, Schema.String),
  Schema.NumberFromString,
  { strict: false }
)

Declaring New Data Types

Creating schemas for new data types is crucial to defining the expected structure of information in your application. This guide explores how to declare schemas for new data types. We'll cover two important concepts: declaring schemas for primitive data types and type constructors.

Declaring Schemas for Primitive Data Types

A primitive data type represents simple values. To declare a schema for a primitive data type, like the File type in TypeScript, we use the S.declare constructor along with a type guard. Let's go through an example:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema.SchemaClass<File, File, never>
const FileFromSelf = Schema.declare(
  (input: unknown): input is File => input instanceof File
)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(FileFromSelf)

console.log(decode(new File([], ""))) // File { size: 0, type: '', name: '', lastModified: 1705595977234 }

decode(null)
/*
throws
Error: Expected <declaration schema>, actual null
*/

As you can see, the error message describes what went wrong but doesn't provide much information about which schema caused the error ("Expected <declaration schema>"). To enhance the default error message, you can add annotations, particularly the identifier, title, and description annotations (none of these annotations are required, but they are encouraged for good practice and can make your schema "self-documenting"). These annotations will be utilized by the messaging system to return more meaningful messages.

A "title" should be concise, while a "description" provides a more detailed explanation of the purpose of the data described by the schema.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const FileFromSelf = Schema.declare(
  (input: unknown): input is File => input instanceof File,
  {
    identifier: "FileFromSelf",
    description: "The `File` type in JavaScript"
  }
)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(FileFromSelf)

console.log(decode(new File([], ""))) // File { size: 0, type: '', name: '', lastModified: 1705595977234 }

decode(null)
/*
throws
Error: Expected FileFromSelf (The File type in JavaScript), actual null
*/

Declaring Schemas for Type Constructors

Type constructors are generic types that take one or more types as arguments and return a new type. If you need to define a schema for a type constructor, you can use the S.declare constructor. Let's illustrate this with a schema for ReadonlySet<A>:

import { ParseResult, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

export const MyReadonlySet = <A, I, R>(
  // Schema for the elements of the Set
  item: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>
): Schema.Schema<ReadonlySet<A>, ReadonlySet<I>, R> =>
  Schema.declare(
    // Store the schema for the elements
    [item],
    {
      // Decoding function
      decode: (item) => (input, parseOptions, ast) => {
        if (input instanceof Set) {
          // Decode the elements
          const elements = ParseResult.decodeUnknown(Schema.Array(item))(
            Array.from(input.values()),
            parseOptions
          )
          // Return a Set containing the parsed elements
          return ParseResult.map(elements, (as): ReadonlySet<A> => new Set(as))
        }
        return ParseResult.fail(new ParseResult.Type(ast, input))
      },
      // Encoding function
      encode: (item) => (input, parseOptions, ast) => {
        if (input instanceof Set) {
          // Encode the elements
          const elements = ParseResult.encodeUnknown(Schema.Array(item))(
            Array.from(input.values()),
            parseOptions
          )
          // Return a Set containing the parsed elements
          return ParseResult.map(elements, (is): ReadonlySet<I> => new Set(is))
        }
        return ParseResult.fail(new ParseResult.Type(ast, input))
      }
    },
    {
      description: `ReadonlySet<${Schema.format(item)}>`
    }
  )

// const setOfNumbers: S.Schema<ReadonlySet<string>, ReadonlySet<number>>
const setOfNumbers = MyReadonlySet(Schema.NumberFromString)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(setOfNumbers)

console.log(decode(new Set(["1", "2", "3"]))) // Set(3) { 1, 2, 3 }

decode(null)
/*
throws
Error: Expected ReadonlySet<NumberFromString>, actual null
*/

decode(new Set(["1", null, "3"]))
/*
throws
Error: ReadonlySet<NumberFromString>
└─ ReadonlyArray<NumberFromString>
   └─ [1]
      └─ NumberFromString
         └─ From side transformation failure
            └─ Expected a string, actual null
*/

[!WARNING] The decoding and encoding functions cannot use context (the R type parameter) and cannot use async effects.

Adding Annotations

When you define a new data type, some compilers like Arbitrary or Pretty may not know how to handle the newly defined data. For instance:

import { Arbitrary, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const FileFromSelf = Schema.declare(
  (input: unknown): input is File => input instanceof File,
  {
    identifier: "FileFromSelf"
  }
)

// Create an Arbitrary instance for FileFromSelf schema
const arb = Arbitrary.make(FileFromSelf)
/*
throws:
Error: cannot build an Arbitrary for a declaration without annotations (FileFromSelf)
*/

In such cases, you need to provide annotations to ensure proper functionality:

import { Arbitrary, FastCheck, Pretty, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const FileFromSelf = Schema.declare(
  (input: unknown): input is File => input instanceof File,
  {
    identifier: "FileFromSelf",
    // Provide an arbitrary function to generate random File instances
    arbitrary: () => (fc) =>
      fc
        .tuple(fc.string(), fc.string())
        .map(([path, content]) => new File([content], path)),
    // Provide a pretty function to generate human-readable representation of File instances
    pretty: () => (file) => `File(${file.name})`
  }
)

// Create an Arbitrary instance for FileFromSelf schema
const arb = Arbitrary.make(FileFromSelf)

// Generate sample files using the Arbitrary instance
const files = FastCheck.sample(arb, 2)
console.log(files)
/*
Output:
[
  File { size: 5, type: '', name: 'C', lastModified: 1706435571176 },
  File { size: 1, type: '', name: '98Ggmc', lastModified: 1706435571176 }
]
*/

// Create a Pretty instance for FileFromSelf schema
const pretty = Pretty.make(FileFromSelf)

// Print human-readable representation of a file
console.log(pretty(files[0])) // "File(C)"

Transformations

In some cases, we may need to transform the output of a schema to a different type. For instance, we may want to parse a string into a number, or we may want to transform a date string into a Date object.

To perform these kinds of transformations, the @effect/schema library provides the transform combinator.

transform

declare const transform: <To extends Schema.Any, From extends Schema.Any>(
    from: From,
    to: To,
    options: {
      readonly decode: (fromA: Schema.Type<From>) => Schema.Encoded<To>
      readonly encode: (toI: Schema.Encoded<To>) => Schema.Type<From>
      readonly strict?: true
    } | {
      readonly decode: (fromA: Schema.Type<From>) => unknown
      readonly encode: (toI: Schema.Encoded<To>) => unknown
      readonly strict: false
    }
  ): transform<From, To>

flowchart TD
  schema1["from: Schema&lt;B, A&gt;"]
  schema2["to: Schema&lt;D, C&gt;"]
  schema1--decode: B -> C-->schema2
  schema2--encode: C -> B-->schema1

The transform combinator takes a source schema, a target schema, a transformation function from the source type to the target type, and a reverse transformation function from the target type back to the source type. It returns a new schema that applies the transformation function to the output of the original schema before returning it. If the original schema fails to parse a value, the transformed schema will also fail.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// use the transform combinator to convert the string schema into the tuple schema
export const transformedSchema: Schema.Schema<readonly [string], string> =
  Schema.transform(Schema.String, Schema.Tuple(Schema.String), {
    // define a function that converts a string into a tuple with one element of type string
    decode: (s) => [s] as const,
    // define a function that converts a tuple with one element of type string into a string
    encode: ([s]) => s
  })

In the example above, we defined a schema for the string type and a schema for the tuple type [string]. We also defined the functions decode and encode that convert a string into a tuple and a tuple into a string, respectively. Then, we used the transform combinator to convert the string schema into a schema for the tuple type [string]. The resulting schema can be used to parse values of type string into values of type [string].

Non-strict option

If you need to be less restrictive in your decode and encode functions, you can make use of the { strict: false } option:

<To extends Schema.Any, From extends Schema.Any>(
  from: From,
  to: To,
  options: {
    readonly decode: (fromA: Schema.Type<From>) => Schema.Encoded<To>
    readonly encode: (toI: Schema.Encoded<To>) => Schema.Type<From>
    readonly strict?: true
  } | {
    readonly decode: (fromA: Schema.Type<From>) => unknown // Less strict constraint
    readonly encode: (toI: Schema.Encoded<To>) => unknown // Less strict constraint
    readonly strict: false
  }
): transform<From, To>

This is useful when you want to relax the type constraints imposed by the decode and encode functions, making them more permissive.

transformOrFail

The transformOrFail combinator works in a similar way, but allows the transformation function to return an Effect<A, ParseError, R, which can either be a success or a failure.

<To extends Schema.Any, From extends Schema.Any, RD, RE>(
  from: From,
  to: To,
  options: {
    readonly decode: (
      fromA: Schema.Type<From>,
      options: ParseOptions,
      ast: AST.Transformation
    ) => Effect.Effect<Schema.Encoded<To>, ParseResult.ParseIssue, RD>
    readonly encode: (
      toI: Schema.Encoded<To>,
      options: ParseOptions,
      ast: AST.Transformation
    ) => Effect.Effect<Schema.Type<From>, ParseResult.ParseIssue, RE>
    readonly strict?: true
  } | {
    readonly decode: (
      fromA: Schema.Type<From>,
      options: ParseOptions,
      ast: AST.Transformation
    ) => Effect.Effect<unknown, ParseResult.ParseIssue, RD>
    readonly encode: (
      toI: Schema.Encoded<To>,
      options: ParseOptions,
      ast: AST.Transformation
    ) => Effect.Effect<unknown, ParseResult.ParseIssue, RE>
    readonly strict: false
  }
): transformOrFail<From, To, RD | RE>

Both decode and encode functions not only receive the value to transform (fromA and toI), but also the parse options that the user sets when using the resulting schema, and the ast, which represents the AST of the schema you're transforming.

Example

import { ParseResult, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

export const transformedSchema: Schema.Schema<boolean, string> =
  Schema.transformOrFail(Schema.String, Schema.Boolean, {
    // define a function that converts a string into a boolean
    decode: (s) =>
      s === "true"
        ? ParseResult.succeed(true)
        : s === "false"
          ? ParseResult.succeed(false)
          : ParseResult.fail(
              new ParseResult.Type(Schema.Literal("true", "false").ast, s)
            ),
    // define a function that converts a boolean into a string
    encode: (b) => ParseResult.succeed(String(b))
  })

The transformation may also be async:

import { ParseResult, Schema, TreeFormatter } from "@effect/schema"
import { Effect } from "effect"

const api = (url: string): Effect.Effect<unknown, Error> =>
  Effect.tryPromise({
    try: () =>
      fetch(url).then((res) => {
        if (res.ok) {
          return res.json() as Promise<unknown>
        }
        throw new Error(String(res.status))
      }),
    catch: (e) => new Error(String(e))
  })

const PeopleId = Schema.String.pipe(Schema.brand("PeopleId"))

const PeopleIdFromString = Schema.transformOrFail(Schema.String, PeopleId, {
  decode: (s, _, ast) =>
    Effect.mapBoth(api(`https://swapi.dev/api/people/${s}`), {
      onFailure: (e) => new ParseResult.Type(ast, s, e.message),
      onSuccess: () => s
    }),
  encode: ParseResult.succeed
})

const decode = (id: string) =>
  Effect.mapError(Schema.decodeUnknown(PeopleIdFromString)(id), (e) =>
    TreeFormatter.formatError(e)
  )

Effect.runPromiseExit(decode("1")).then(console.log)
/*
Output:
{ _id: 'Exit', _tag: 'Success', value: '1' }
*/

Effect.runPromiseExit(decode("fail")).then(console.log)
/*
Output:
{
  _id: 'Exit',
  _tag: 'Failure',
  cause: {
    _id: 'Cause',
    _tag: 'Fail',
    failure: '(string <-> string)\n└─ Transformation process failure\n   └─ Error: 404'
  }
}
*/

You can also declare dependencies:

import { ParseResult, Schema, TreeFormatter } from "@effect/schema"
import { Context, Effect, Layer } from "effect"

const Fetch = Context.GenericTag<"Fetch", typeof fetch>("Fetch")

const api = (url: string): Effect.Effect<unknown, Error, "Fetch"> =>
  Fetch.pipe(
    Effect.flatMap((fetch) =>
      Effect.tryPromise({
        try: () =>
          fetch(url).then((res) => {
            if (res.ok) {
              return res.json() as Promise<unknown>
            }
            throw new Error(String(res.status))
          }),
        catch: (e) => new Error(String(e))
      })
    )
  )

const PeopleId = Schema.String.pipe(Schema.brand("PeopleId"))

const PeopleIdFromString = Schema.transformOrFail(Schema.String, PeopleId, {
  decode: (s, _, ast) =>
    Effect.mapBoth(api(`https://swapi.dev/api/people/${s}`), {
      onFailure: (e) => new ParseResult.Type(ast, s, e.message),
      onSuccess: () => s
    }),
  encode: ParseResult.succeed
})

const decode = (id: string) =>
  Effect.mapError(Schema.decodeUnknown(PeopleIdFromString)(id), (e) =>
    TreeFormatter.formatError(e)
  )

const FetchLive = Layer.succeed(Fetch, fetch)

Effect.runPromiseExit(decode("1").pipe(Effect.provide(FetchLive))).then(
  console.log
)
/*
Output:
{ _id: 'Exit', _tag: 'Success', value: '1' }
*/

Effect.runPromiseExit(decode("fail").pipe(Effect.provide(FetchLive))).then(
  console.log
)
/*
Output:
{
  _id: 'Exit',
  _tag: 'Failure',
  cause: {
    _id: 'Cause',
    _tag: 'Fail',
    failure: '(string <-> string)\n└─ Transformation process failure\n   └─ Error: 404'
  }
}
*/

String Transformations

split

The split combinator allows splitting a string into an array of strings.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<string[], string>
const schema = Schema.split(",")
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode("")) // [""]
console.log(decode(",")) // ["", ""]
console.log(decode("a,")) // ["a", ""]
console.log(decode("a,b")) // ["a", "b"]

Trim

The Trim schema allows removing whitespaces from the beginning and end of a string.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<string>
const schema = Schema.Trim
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode("a")) // "a"
console.log(decode(" a")) // "a"
console.log(decode("a ")) // "a"
console.log(decode(" a ")) // "a"

Note. If you were looking for a combinator to check if a string is trimmed, check out the trimmed filter.

Lowercase

The Lowercase schema converts a string to lowercase.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.Lowercase)

console.log(decode("A")) // "a"
console.log(decode(" AB")) // " ab"
console.log(decode("Ab ")) // "ab "
console.log(decode(" ABc ")) // " abc "

Note. If you were looking for a combinator to check if a string is lowercased, check out the Lowercased schema or the lowercased filter.

Uppercase

The Uppercase schema converts a string to uppercase.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.Uppercase)

console.log(decode("a")) // "A"
console.log(decode(" ab")) // " AB"
console.log(decode("aB ")) // "AB "
console.log(decode(" abC ")) // " ABC "

Note. If you were looking for a combinator to check if a string is uppercased, check out the Uppercased schema or the uppercased filter.

parseJson

The parseJson constructor offers a method to convert JSON strings into the unknown type using the underlying functionality of JSON.parse. It also employs JSON.stringify for encoding.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<unknown, string>
const schema = Schema.parseJson()
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

// Parse valid JSON strings
console.log(decode("{}")) // Output: {}
console.log(decode(`{"a":"b"}`)) // Output: { a: "b" }

// Attempting to decode an empty string results in an error
decode("")
/*
throws:
Error: (JsonString <-> unknown)
└─ Transformation process failure
   └─ Unexpected end of JSON input
*/

Additionally, you can refine the parsing result by providing a schema to the parseJson constructor:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

/*
Schema.Schema<{
    readonly a: number;
}, string, never>
*/
const schema = Schema.parseJson(Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.Number }))

In this example, we've used parseJson with a struct schema to ensure that the parsed result has a specific structure, including an object with a numeric property "a". This helps in handling JSON data with predefined shapes.

Number Transformations

NumberFromString

Transforms a string into a number by parsing the string using parseFloat.

The following special string values are supported: "NaN", "Infinity", "-Infinity".

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<number, string>
const schema = Schema.NumberFromString
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

// success cases
console.log(decode("1")) // 1
console.log(decode("-1")) // -1
console.log(decode("1.5")) // 1.5
console.log(decode("NaN")) // NaN
console.log(decode("Infinity")) // Infinity
console.log(decode("-Infinity")) // -Infinity

// failure cases
decode("a")
/*
throws:
Error: NumberFromString
└─ Transformation process failure
   └─ Expected NumberFromString, actual "a"
*/

clamp

Clamps a number between a minimum and a maximum value.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<number>
const schema = Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.clamp(-1, 1)) // clamps the input to -1 <= x <= 1

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode(-3)) // -1
console.log(decode(0)) // 0
console.log(decode(3)) // 1

parseNumber

Transforms a string into a number by parsing the string using the parse function of the effect/Number module.

It returns an error if the value can't be converted (for example when non-numeric characters are provided).

The following special string values are supported: "NaN", "Infinity", "-Infinity".

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.String.pipe(Schema.parseNumber)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode("1")) // 1
console.log(decode("Infinity")) // Infinity
console.log(decode("NaN")) // NaN
console.log(decode("-"))
/*
throws
Error: (string <-> number)
└─ Transformation process failure
   └─ Expected (string <-> number), actual "-"
*/

Boolean Transformations

Not

Negates a boolean value.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Schema<boolean>
const schema = Schema.Not

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode(true)) // false
console.log(decode(false)) // true

Symbol transformations

Symbol

Transforms a string into a symbol by parsing the string using Symbol.for.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Symbol // Schema<symbol, string>
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode("a")) // Symbol(a)

BigInt transformations

BigInt

Transforms a string into a BigInt by parsing the string using BigInt.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.BigInt // Schema<BigInt, string>
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

// success cases
console.log(decode("1")) // 1n
console.log(decode("-1")) // -1n

// failure cases
decode("a")
/*
throws:
Error: BigInt
└─ Transformation process failure
   └─ Expected BigInt, actual "a"
*/
decode("1.5") // throws
decode("NaN") // throws
decode("Infinity") // throws
decode("-Infinity") // throws

BigIntFromNumber

Transforms a number into a BigInt by parsing the number using BigInt.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.BigIntFromNumber // Schema<BigInt, number>
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

// success cases
console.log(decode(1)) // 1n
console.log(decode(-1)) // -1n
console.log(encode(1n)) // 1
console.log(encode(-1n)) // -1

// failure cases
decode(1.5)
/*
throws:
Error: BigIntFromNumber
└─ Transformation process failure
   └─ Expected BigIntFromNumber, actual 1.5
*/
decode(NaN) // throws
decode(Infinity) // throws
decode(-Infinity) // throws
encode(BigInt(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) + 1n) // throws
encode(BigInt(Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER) - 1n) // throws

clamp

Clamps a BigInt between a minimum and a maximum value.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.BigIntFromSelf.pipe(Schema.clampBigInt(-1n, 1n)) // clamps the input to -1n <= x <= 1n

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode(-3n)) // -1n
console.log(decode(0n)) // 0n
console.log(decode(3n)) // 1n

Date transformations

Date

Transforms a string into a valid Date, ensuring that invalid dates, such as new Date("Invalid Date"), are rejected.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Date // Schema<Date, string>
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode("1970-01-01T00:00:00.000Z")) // 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000Z

decode("a")
/*
throws:
Error: Date
└─ Predicate refinement failure
   └─ Expected Date (a valid Date), actual Invalid Date
*/

const validate = Schema.validateSync(schema)

console.log(validate(new Date(0))) // 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
validate(new Date("Invalid Date"))
/*
throws:
Error: Date
└─ Predicate refinement failure
   └─ Expected Date (a valid Date), actual Invalid Date
*/

BigDecimal Transformations

BigDecimal

Transforms a string into a BigDecimal.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.BigDecimal // Schema<BigDecimal, string>
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode(".124")) // { _id: 'BigDecimal', value: '124', scale: 3 }

BigDecimalFromNumber

Transforms a number into a BigDecimal.

[!WARNING] Warning: When encoding, this Schema will produce incorrect results if the BigDecimal exceeds the 64-bit range of a number.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.BigDecimalFromNumber // Schema<BigDecimal, number>
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode(0.111)) // { _id: 'BigDecimal', value: '111', scale: 3 }

clampBigDecimal

Clamps a BigDecimal between a minimum and a maximum value.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { BigDecimal } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.BigDecimal.pipe(
  Schema.clampBigDecimal(BigDecimal.fromNumber(-1), BigDecimal.fromNumber(1))
)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode("-2")) // { _id: 'BigDecimal', value: '-1', scale: 0 }
console.log(decode("0")) // { _id: 'BigDecimal', value: '0', scale: 0 }
console.log(decode("3")) // { _id: 'BigDecimal', value: '1', scale: 0 }

Duration Transformations

Duration

Converts an hrtime(i.e. [seconds: number, nanos: number]) into a Duration.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Duration // Schema<Duration, number>
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode([0, 0])) // { _id: 'Duration', _tag: 'Millis', millis: 0 }
console.log(decode([5000, 0])) // { _id: 'Duration', _tag: 'Nanos', hrtime: [ 5000, 0 ] }

DurationFromMillis

Converts a number into a Duration where the number represents the number of milliseconds.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.DurationFromMillis // Schema<Duration, number>
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode(0)) // { _id: 'Duration', _tag: 'Millis', millis: 0 }
console.log(decode(5000)) // { _id: 'Duration', _tag: 'Millis', millis: 5000 }

DurationFromNanos

Converts a BigInt into a Duration where the number represents the number of nanoseconds.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.DurationFromNanos // Schema<Duration, BigInt>
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode(0n)) // { _id: 'Duration', _tag: 'Millis', millis: 0 }
console.log(decode(5000000000n)) // { _id: 'Duration', _tag: 'Nanos', hrtime: [ 5, 0 ] }

clampDuration

Clamps a Duration between a minimum and a maximum value.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Duration } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.DurationFromSelf.pipe(
  Schema.clampDuration("5 seconds", "10 seconds")
)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode(Duration.decode("2 seconds"))) // { _id: 'Duration', _tag: 'Millis', millis: 5000 }
console.log(decode(Duration.decode("6 seconds"))) // { _id: 'Duration', _tag: 'Millis', millis: 6000 }
console.log(decode(Duration.decode("11 seconds"))) // { _id: 'Duration', _tag: 'Millis', millis: 10000 }

Secret transformations

Secret

Converts a string into a Secret.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Secret // Schema<Secret, string>
const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)

console.log(decode("keep it secret, keep it safe")) // {}

Advanced Usage

Annotations

One of the fundamental requirements in the design of @effect/schema is that it is extensible and customizable. Customizations are achieved through "annotations". Each node contained in the AST of @effect/schema/AST contains an annotations: Record<symbol, unknown> field that can be used to attach additional information to the schema. You can manage these annotations using the annotations method.

Let's see some examples:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Password =
  // initial schema, a string
  Schema.String
    // add an error message for non-string values
    .annotations({ message: () => "not a string" })
    .pipe(
      // add a constraint to the schema, only non-empty strings are valid
      // and add an error message for empty strings
      Schema.nonEmpty({ message: () => "required" }),
      // add a constraint to the schema, only strings with a length less or equal than 10 are valid
      // and add an error message for strings that are too long
      Schema.maxLength(10, { message: (s) => `${s} is too long` })
      // add an identifier to the schema
    )
    .annotations({
      // add an identifier to the schema
      identifier: "Password",
      // add a title to the schema
      title: "password",
      // add a description to the schema
      description:
        "A password is a string of characters used to verify the identity of a user during the authentication process",
      // add examples to the schema
      examples: ["1Ki77y", "jelly22fi$h"],
      // add documentation to the schema
      documentation: `jsDoc documentation...`
    })

The example shows some built-in combinators to add meta information, but users can easily add their own meta information by defining a custom annotation.

Here's an example of how to add a deprecated annotation:

import { AST, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const DeprecatedId = Symbol.for(
  "some/unique/identifier/for/the/custom/annotation"
)

const deprecated = <A, I, R>(
  self: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>
): Schema.Schema<A, I, R> =>
  Schema.make(AST.annotations(self.ast, { [DeprecatedId]: true }))

const schema = deprecated(Schema.String)

console.log(schema)
/*
Output:
{
  ast: {
    _tag: 'StringKeyword',
    annotations: {
      [Symbol(@effect/schema/annotation/Title)]: 'string',
      [Symbol(@effect/schema/annotation/Description)]: 'a string',
      [Symbol(some/unique/identifier/for/the/custom/annotation)]: true
    }
  }
  ...
}
*/

Annotations can be read using the getAnnotation helper, here's an example:

import { AST, Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Option } from "effect"

const DeprecatedId = Symbol.for(
  "some/unique/identifier/for/the/custom/annotation"
)

const deprecated = <A, I, R>(
  self: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>
): Schema.Schema<A, I, R> =>
  Schema.make(AST.annotations(self.ast, { [DeprecatedId]: true }))

const schema = deprecated(Schema.String)

const isDeprecated = <A, I, R>(schema: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>): boolean =>
  AST.getAnnotation<boolean>(DeprecatedId)(schema.ast).pipe(
    Option.getOrElse(() => false)
  )

console.log(isDeprecated(Schema.String)) // false
console.log(isDeprecated(schema)) // true

Recursive Schemas

The suspend combinator is useful when you need to define a Schema that depends on itself, like in the case of recursive data structures. In this example, the Category schema depends on itself because it has a field subcategories that is an array of Category objects.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

interface Category {
  readonly name: string
  readonly subcategories: ReadonlyArray<Category>
}

const Category = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  subcategories: Schema.Array(
    Schema.suspend((): Schema.Schema<Category> => Category)
  )
})

[!NOTE] It is necessary to define the Category type and add an explicit type annotation (const Category: S.Schema<Category>) because otherwise TypeScript would struggle to infer types correctly. Without this annotation, you might encounter the error message: "'Category' implicitly has type 'any' because it does not have a type annotation and is referenced directly or indirectly in its own initializer.ts(7022)"

A Helpful Pattern to Simplify Schema Definition

As we've observed, it's necessary to define an interface for the Type of the schema to enable recursive schema definition, which can complicate things and be quite tedious. One pattern to mitigate this is to separate the field responsible for recursion from all other fields.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const fields = {
  name: Schema.String
  // ...possibly other fields
}

// Define an interface for the Category schema, extending the Type of the defined fields
interface Category extends Schema.Struct.Type<typeof fields> {
  readonly subcategories: ReadonlyArray<Category> // Define `subcategories` using recursion
}

const Category = Schema.Struct({
  ...fields, // Include the fields
  subcategories: Schema.Array(
    Schema.suspend((): Schema.Schema<Category> => Category)
  ) // Define `subcategories` using recursion
})

Mutually Recursive Schemas

Here's an example of two mutually recursive schemas, Expression and Operation, that represent a simple arithmetic expression tree.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

interface Expression {
  readonly type: "expression"
  readonly value: number | Operation
}

interface Operation {
  readonly type: "operation"
  readonly operator: "+" | "-"
  readonly left: Expression
  readonly right: Expression
}

const Expression = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.Literal("expression"),
  value: Schema.Union(
    Schema.Number,
    Schema.suspend((): Schema.Schema<Operation> => Operation)
  )
})

const Operation = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.Literal("operation"),
  operator: Schema.Literal("+", "-"),
  left: Expression,
  right: Expression
})

Recursive Types with Different Encoded and Type

Defining a recursive schema where the Encoded type differs from the Type type adds another layer of complexity. In such cases, we need to define two interfaces: one for the Type type, as seen previously, and another for the Encoded type.

Let's consider an example: suppose we want to add an id field to the Category schema, where the schema for id is NumberFromString. It's important to note that NumberFromString is a schema that transforms a string into a number, so the Type and Encoded types of NumberFromString differ, being number and string respectively. When we add this field to the Category schema, TypeScript raises an error:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const fields = {
  id: Schema.NumberFromString,
  name: Schema.String
}

interface Category extends Schema.Struct.Type<typeof fields> {
  readonly subcategories: ReadonlyArray<Category>
}

/*
TypeScript error:
Type 'Struct<{ subcategories: Array$<suspend<Category, Category, never>>; id: typeof NumberFromString; name: typeof String$; }>' is not assignable to type 'Schema<Category, Category, never>'.
  The types of 'Encoded.id' are incompatible between these types.
    Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'number'.ts(2322)
*/
const Category = Schema.Struct({
  ...fields,
  subcategories: Schema.Array(
    Schema.suspend((): Schema.Schema<Category> => Category)
  )
})

This error occurs because the explicit annotation const Category: S.Schema<Category> is no longer sufficient and needs to be adjusted by explicitly adding the Encoded type:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const fields = {
  id: Schema.NumberFromString,
  name: Schema.String
}

interface Category extends Schema.Struct.Type<typeof fields> {
  readonly subcategories: ReadonlyArray<Category>
}

interface CategoryEncoded extends Schema.Struct.Encoded<typeof fields> {
  readonly subcategories: ReadonlyArray<CategoryEncoded>
}

const Category = Schema.Struct({
  ...fields,
  subcategories: Schema.Array(
    Schema.suspend((): Schema.Schema<Category, CategoryEncoded> => Category)
  )
})

Error messages

Default Error Messages

When a parsing, decoding, or encoding process encounters a failure, a default error message is automatically generated for you. Let's explore some examples:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(null)
/*
throws:
Error: Expected { readonly name: string; readonly age: number }, actual null
*/

Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)({}, { errors: "all" })
/*
throws:
Error: { readonly name: string; readonly age: number }
├─ ["name"]
│  └─ is missing
└─ ["age"]
   └─ is missing
*/

Identifiers in Error Messages

When you include an identifier annotation, it will be incorporated into the default error message, followed by a description if provided:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String.annotations({ identifier: "Name" }),
  age: Schema.Number.annotations({ identifier: "Age" })
}).annotations({ identifier: "Person" })

Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(null)
/*
throws:
Error: Expected Person, actual null
*/

Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)({}, { errors: "all" })
/*
throws:
Error: Person
├─ ["name"]
│  └─ is missing
└─ ["age"]
   └─ is missing
*/

Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)({ name: null, age: null }, { errors: "all" })
/*
throws:
Error: Person
├─ ["name"]
│  └─ Expected Name (a string), actual null
└─ ["age"]
   └─ Expected Age (a number), actual null
*/

Refinements

When a refinement fails, the default error message indicates whether the failure occurred in the "from" part or within the predicate defining the refinement:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.NonEmpty.annotations({ identifier: "Name" }), // refinement
  age: Schema.Positive.pipe(Schema.int({ identifier: "Age" })) // refinement
}).annotations({ identifier: "Person" })

// "from" failure
Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)({ name: null, age: 18 })
/*
throws:
Error: Person
└─ ["name"]
   └─ Name
      └─ From side refinement failure
         └─ Expected a string, actual null
*/

// predicate failure
Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)({ name: "", age: 18 })
/*
throws:
Error: Person
└─ ["name"]
   └─ Name
      └─ Predicate refinement failure
         └─ Expected Name (a non empty string), actual ""
*/

In the first example, the error message indicates a "from" side refinement failure in the "Name" property, specifying that a string was expected but received null. In the second example, a predicate refinement failure is reported, indicating that a non-empty string was expected for "Name," but an empty string was provided.

Custom Error Messages

Custom messages can be set using the message annotation:

type MessageAnnotation = (issue: ParseIssue) =>
  | string
  | Effect<string>
  | {
      readonly message: string | Effect<string>
      readonly override: boolean
    }

Here's a simple example of how to set a custom message for the built-in String schema:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const MyString = Schema.String.annotations({
  message: () => "my custom message"
})

General Guidelines for Messages

The general logic followed to determine the messages is as follows:

If no custom messages are set, the default message related to the innermost schema where the operation (i.e., decoding or encoding) failed is used.
If custom messages are set, then the message corresponding to the first failed schema is used, starting from the innermost schema to the outermost. However, if the failing schema does not have a custom message, then the default message is used.
As an opt-in feature, you can override guideline 2 by setting the overwrite flag to true. This allows the custom message to take precedence over all other custom messages from inner schemas. This is to address the scenario where a user wants to define a single cumulative custom message describing the properties that a valid value must have and does not want to see default messages.

Let's see some practical examples.

Scalar Schemas

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const MyString = Schema.String.annotations({
  message: () => "my custom message"
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownEither(MyString)

console.log(decode(null)) // "my custom message"

Refinements

This example demonstrates setting a custom message on the last refinement in a chain of refinements. As you can see, the custom message is only used if the refinement related to maxLength fails; otherwise, default messages are used.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const MyString = Schema.String.pipe(
  Schema.minLength(1),
  Schema.maxLength(2)
).annotations({
  // This message is displayed only if the last filter (`maxLength`) fails
  message: () => "my custom message"
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownEither(MyString)

console.log(decode(null)) // "Expected a string, actual null"
console.log(decode("")) // `Expected a string at least 1 character(s) long, actual ""`
console.log(decode("abc")) // "my custom message"

When setting multiple override messages, the one corresponding to the first failed predicate is used, starting from the innermost refinement to the outermost:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const MyString = Schema.String
  // This message is displayed only if a non-String is passed as input
  .annotations({ message: () => "String custom message" })
  .pipe(
    // This message is displayed only if the filter `minLength` fails
    Schema.minLength(1, { message: () => "minLength custom message" }),
    // This message is displayed only if the filter `maxLength` fails
    Schema.maxLength(2, { message: () => "maxLength custom message" })
  )

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownEither(MyString)

console.log(decode(null)) // "String custom message"
console.log(decode("")) // "minLength custom message"
console.log(decode("abc")) // "maxLength custom message"

You have the option to change the default behavior by setting the override flag to true. This is useful when you want to create a single comprehensive custom message that describes the required properties of a valid value without displaying default messages.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const MyString = Schema.String.pipe(
  Schema.minLength(1),
  Schema.maxLength(2)
).annotations({
  // By setting the `override` flag to `true`, this message will always be shown for any error
  message: () => ({ message: "my custom message", override: true })
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownEither(MyString)

console.log(decode(null)) // "my custom message"
console.log(decode("")) // "my custom message"
console.log(decode("abc")) // "my custom message"

Transformations

In this example, IntFromString is a transformation schema that converts strings to integers. It applies specific validation messages based on different scenarios.

import { ParseResult, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const IntFromString = Schema.transformOrFail(
  // This message is displayed only if the input is not a string
  Schema.String.annotations({ message: () => "please enter a string" }),
  // This message is displayed only if the input can be converted to a number but it's not an integer
  Schema.Int.annotations({ message: () => "please enter an integer" }),
  {
    decode: (s, _, ast) => {
      const n = Number(s)
      return Number.isNaN(n)
        ? ParseResult.fail(new ParseResult.Type(ast, s))
        : ParseResult.succeed(n)
    },
    encode: (n) => ParseResult.succeed(String(n))
  }
)
  // This message is displayed only if the input cannot be converted to a number
  .annotations({ message: () => "please enter a parseable string" })

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownEither(IntFromString)

console.log(decode(null)) // "please enter a string"
console.log(decode("1.2")) // "please enter an integer"
console.log(decode("not a number")) // "please enter a parseable string"

Compound Schemas

The custom message system becomes especially handy when dealing with complex schemas, unlike simple scalar values like string or number. For instance, consider a schema comprising nested structures, such as a struct containing an array of other structs. Let's explore an example demonstrating the advantage of default messages in handling decoding errors within such nested structures:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { pipe } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.Struct({
  outcomes: pipe(
    Schema.Array(
      Schema.Struct({
        id: Schema.String,
        text: pipe(
          Schema.String,
          Schema.message(() => "error_invalid_outcome_type"),
          Schema.minLength(1, { message: () => "error_required_field" }),
          Schema.maxLength(50, { message: () => "error_max_length_field" })
        )
      })
    ),
    Schema.minItems(1, { message: () => "error_min_length_field" })
  )
})

Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema, { errors: "all" })({
  outcomes: []
})
/*
throws
Error: { outcomes: an array of at least 1 items }
└─ ["outcomes"]
   └─ error_min_length_field
*/

Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema, { errors: "all" })({
  outcomes: [
    { id: "1", text: "" },
    { id: "2", text: "this one is valid" },
    { id: "3", text: "1234567890".repeat(6) }
  ]
})
/*
throws
Error: { outcomes: an array of at least 1 items }
└─ ["outcomes"]
   └─ an array of at least 1 items
      └─ From side refinement failure
         └─ ReadonlyArray<{ id: string; text: a string at most 50 character(s) long }>
            ├─ [0]
            │  └─ { id: string; text: a string at most 50 character(s) long }
            │     └─ ["text"]
            │        └─ error_required_field
            └─ [2]
               └─ { id: string; text: a string at most 50 character(s) long }
                  └─ ["text"]
                     └─ error_max_length_field
*/

Effectful messages

Messages are not only of type string but can return an Effect so that they can have dependencies (for example, from an internationalization service). Let's see the outline of a similar situation with a very simplified example for demonstration purposes:

import { Schema, TreeFormatter } from "@effect/schema"
import { Context, Effect, Either, Option } from "effect"

// internationalization service
class Messages extends Context.Tag("Messages")<
  Messages,
  {
    NonEmpty: string
  }
>() {}

const Name = Schema.NonEmpty.pipe(
  Schema.message(() =>
    Effect.gen(function* (_) {
      const service = yield* _(Effect.serviceOption(Messages))
      return Option.match(service, {
        onNone: () => "Invalid string",
        onSome: (messages) => messages.NonEmpty
      })
    })
  )
)

Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Name)("") // => throws "Invalid string"

const result = Schema.decodeUnknownEither(Name)("").pipe(
  Either.mapLeft((error) =>
    TreeFormatter.formatError(error).pipe(
      Effect.provideService(Messages, { NonEmpty: "should be non empty" }),
      Effect.runSync
    )
  )
)

console.log(result) // => { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'should be non empty' }

Classes

When working with schemas, you have a choice beyond the S.struct constructor. You can leverage the power of classes through the Class utility, which comes with its own set of advantages tailored to common use cases.

The Benefits of Using Classes

Classes offer several features that simplify the schema creation process:

All-in-One Definition: With classes, you can define both a schema and an opaque type simultaneously.
Shared Functionality: You can incorporate shared functionality using class methods or getters.
Value Equality and Hashing: Utilize the built-in capability for checking value equality and applying hashing (thanks to Class implementing Data.Case).

Let's dive into an illustrative example to better understand how classes work:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// Define your schema by providing the type to `Class` and the desired fields
class Person extends Schema.Class<Person>("Person")({
  id: Schema.Number,
  name: Schema.String.pipe(Schema.nonEmpty())
}) {}

Validation and Instantiation

The class constructor serves as a validation and instantiation tool. It ensures that the provided properties meet the schema requirements:

const tim = new Person({ id: 1, name: "Tim" })

Keep in mind that it throws an error for invalid properties...

new Person({ id: 1, name: "" })
/* throws
Error: Person (Constructor)
└─ ["name"]
   └─ a non empty string
      └─ Predicate refinement failure
         └─ Expected a non empty string, actual ""
*/

...unless you explicitly disable validation:

new Person({ id: 1, name: "" }, true) // no error

No Args

If you don't want to have any arguments, you can use {}:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

class NoArgs extends Schema.Class<NoArgs>("NoArgs")({}) {}

const noargs = new NoArgs()

Custom Getters and Methods

For more flexibility, you can also introduce custom getters and methods:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

class Person extends Schema.Class<Person>("Person")({
  id: Schema.Number,
  name: Schema.String.pipe(Schema.nonEmpty())
}) {
  get upperName() {
    return this.name.toUpperCase()
  }
}

const john = new Person({ id: 1, name: "John" })

console.log(john.upperName) // "JOHN"

Accessing Related Schemas

The class constructor itself is a Schema, and can be assigned/provided anywhere a Schema is expected. There is also a .fields property, which can be used when the class prototype is not required.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

class Person extends Schema.Class<Person>("Person")({
  id: Schema.Number,
  name: Schema.String.pipe(Schema.nonEmpty())
}) {}

console.log(Schema.isSchema(Person)) // true

/*
{
    readonly id: typeof Schema.Number;
    readonly name: Schema.filter<Schema.Schema<string, string, never>>;
}
*/
Person.fields

Recursive Schemas

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

class Category extends Schema.Class<Category>("Category")({
  name: Schema.String,
  subcategories: Schema.Array(
    Schema.suspend((): Schema.Schema<Category> => Category)
  )
}) {}

[!NOTE] It is necessary to add an explicit type annotation (S.suspend((): S.Schema<Category> => Category) because otherwise TypeScript would struggle to infer types correctly. Without this annotation, you might encounter the error message: "Type 'typeof Category' is missing the following properties from type 'Schema<unknown, unknown, unknown>': ast, annotations, [TypeId], pipets(2739)"

Mutually Recursive Schemas

Here's an example of two mutually recursive schemas, Expression and Operation, that represent a simple arithmetic expression tree.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

class Expression extends Schema.Class<Expression>("Expression")({
  type: Schema.Literal("expression"),
  value: Schema.Union(
    Schema.Number,
    Schema.suspend((): Schema.Schema<Operation> => Operation)
  )
}) {}

class Operation extends Schema.Class<Operation>("Operation")({
  type: Schema.Literal("operation"),
  operator: Schema.Literal("+", "-"),
  left: Expression,
  right: Expression
}) {}

Recursive Types with Different Encoded and Type

Defining a recursive schema where the Encoded type differs from the Type type adds another layer of complexity. In such cases, we need to define an interface for the Encoded type.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

/*
TypeScript error:
Type 'Category' is not assignable to type '{ readonly id: string; readonly name: string; readonly subcategories: readonly Category[]; }'.
  Types of property 'id' are incompatible.
    Type 'number' is not assignable to type 'string'.ts(2322)
*/
class Category extends Schema.Class<Category>("Category")({
  id: Schema.NumberFromString,
  name: Schema.String,
  subcategories: Schema.Array(
    Schema.suspend((): Schema.Schema<Category> => Category)
  )
}) {}

This error occurs because the explicit annotation S.suspend((): S.Schema<Category> => Category is no longer sufficient and needs to be adjusted by explicitly adding the Encoded type:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

interface CategoryEncoded {
  readonly id: string
  readonly name: string
  readonly subcategories: ReadonlyArray<CategoryEncoded>
}

class Category extends Schema.Class<Category>("Category")({
  id: Schema.NumberFromString,
  name: Schema.String,
  subcategories: Schema.Array(
    Schema.suspend((): Schema.Schema<Category, CategoryEncoded> => Category)
  )
}) {}

As we've observed, it's necessary to define an interface for the Encoded of the schema to enable recursive schema definition, which can complicate things and be quite tedious. One pattern to mitigate this is to separate the field responsible for recursion from all other fields.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const fields = {
  id: Schema.NumberFromString,
  name: Schema.String
  // ...possibly other fields
}

interface CategoryEncoded extends Schema.Struct.Encoded<typeof fields> {
  readonly subcategories: ReadonlyArray<CategoryEncoded> // Define `subcategories` using recursion
}

class Category extends Schema.Class<Category>("Category")({
  ...fields, // Include the fields
  subcategories: Schema.Array(
    Schema.suspend((): Schema.Schema<Category, CategoryEncoded> => Category)
  ) // Define `subcategories` using recursion
}) {}

Tagged Class variants

You can also create classes that extend TaggedClass & TaggedError from the effect/Data module:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

class TaggedPerson extends Schema.TaggedClass<TaggedPerson>()("TaggedPerson", {
  name: Schema.String
}) {}

class HttpError extends Schema.TaggedError<HttpError>()("HttpError", {
  status: Schema.Number
}) {}

const joe = new TaggedPerson({ name: "Joe" })
console.log(joe._tag) // "TaggedPerson"

const error = new HttpError({ status: 404 })
console.log(error._tag) // "HttpError"
console.log(error.stack) // access the stack trace

Extending existing Classes

In situations where you need to augment your existing class with more fields, the built-in extend utility comes in handy:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

class Person extends Schema.Class<Person>("Person")({
  id: Schema.Number,
  name: Schema.String.pipe(Schema.nonEmpty())
}) {
  get upperName() {
    return this.name.toUpperCase()
  }
}

class PersonWithAge extends Person.extend<PersonWithAge>("PersonWithAge")({
  age: Schema.Number
}) {
  get isAdult() {
    return this.age >= 18
  }
}

Transformations

You have the option to enhance a class with (effectful) transformations. This becomes valuable when you want to enrich or validate an entity sourced from a data store.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Effect, Option } from "effect"

export class Person extends Schema.Class<Person>("Person")({
  id: Schema.Number,
  name: Schema.String
}) {}

console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Person)({ id: 1, name: "name" }))
/*
Output:
Person { id: 1, name: 'name' }
*/

function getAge(id: number): Effect.Effect<number, Error> {
  return Effect.succeed(id + 2)
}

export class PersonWithTransform extends Person.transformOrFail<PersonWithTransform>(
  "PersonWithTransform"
)(
  {
    age: Schema.optional(Schema.Number, { exact: true, as: "Option" })
  },
  {
    decode: (input) =>
      Effect.mapBoth(getAge(input.id), {
        onFailure: (e) =>
          new ParseResult.Type(Schema.String.ast, input.id, e.message),
        // must return { age: Option<number> }
        onSuccess: (age) => ({ ...input, age: Option.some(age) })
      }),
    encode: ParseResult.succeed
  }
) {}

Schema.decodeUnknownPromise(PersonWithTransform)({ id: 1, name: "name" }).then(
  console.log
)
/*
Output:
PersonWithTransform {
  id: 1,
  name: 'name',
  age: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 3 }
}
*/

export class PersonWithTransformFrom extends Person.transformOrFailFrom<PersonWithTransformFrom>(
  "PersonWithTransformFrom"
)(
  {
    age: Schema.optional(Schema.Number, { exact: true, as: "Option" })
  },
  {
    decode: (input) =>
      Effect.mapBoth(getAge(input.id), {
        onFailure: (e) =>
          new ParseResult.Type(Schema.String.ast, input, e.message),
        // must return { age?: number }
        onSuccess: (age) => (age > 18 ? { ...input, age } : { ...input })
      }),
    encode: ParseResult.succeed
  }
) {}

Schema.decodeUnknownPromise(PersonWithTransformFrom)({
  id: 1,
  name: "name"
}).then(console.log)
/*
Output:
PersonWithTransformFrom {
  id: 1,
  name: 'name',
  age: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
}
*/

The decision of which API to use, either transformOrFail or transformOrFailFrom, depends on when you wish to execute the transformation:

Using transformOrFail:
- The transformation occurs at the end of the process.
- It expects you to provide a value of type { age: Option<number> }.
- After processing the initial input, the new transformation comes into play, and you need to ensure the final output adheres to the specified structure.
Using transformOrFailFrom:
- The new transformation starts as soon as the initial input is handled.
- You should provide a value { age?: number }.
- Based on this fresh input, the subsequent transformation { age: S.optionalToOption(S.Number, { exact: true }) } is executed.
- This approach allows for immediate handling of the input, potentially influencing the subsequent transformations.

Default Constructors

When dealing with data, creating values that match a specific schema is crucial. To simplify this process, we've introduced default constructors for various types of schemas: Structs, Records, filters, and brands. Let's dive into each of them with some examples to understand better how they work.

[!NOTE] Default constructors associated with a schema Schema<A, I, R> are specifically related to the A type, not the I type.

Example (Struct)

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Struct = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.NonEmpty
})

Struct.make({ name: "a" }) // ok
Struct.make({ name: "" })
/*
throws
Error: { name: NonEmpty }
└─ ["name"]
   └─ NonEmpty
      └─ Predicate refinement failure
         └─ Expected NonEmpty (a non empty string), actual ""
*/

Example (Record)

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Record = Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.NonEmpty)

Record.make({ a: "a", b: "b" }) // ok
Record.make({ a: "a", b: "" })
/*
throws
Error: { [x: string]: NonEmpty }
└─ ["b"]
   └─ NonEmpty
      └─ Predicate refinement failure
         └─ Expected NonEmpty (a non empty string), actual ""
*/

Example (filter)

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const MyNumber = Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.between(1, 10))

// const n: number
const n = MyNumber.make(5) // ok
MyNumber.make(20)
/*
throws
Error: a number between 1 and 10
└─ Predicate refinement failure
  └─ Expected a number between 1 and 10, actual 20
*/

Example (brand)

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const BrandedNumberSchema = Schema.Number.pipe(
  Schema.between(1, 10),
  Schema.brand("MyNumber")
)

// const n: number & Brand<"MyNumber">
const n = BrandedNumberSchema.make(5) // ok
BrandedNumberSchema.make(20)
/*
throws
Error: a number between 1 and 10
└─ Predicate refinement failure
  └─ Expected a number between 1 and 10, actual 20
*/

When utilizing our default constructors, it's important to grasp the type of value they generate. In the BrandedNumberSchema example, the return type of the constructor is number & Brand<"MyNumber">, indicating that the resulting value is a number with the added branding "MyNumber".

This differs from the filter example where the return type is simply number. The branding offers additional insights about the type, facilitating the identification and manipulation of your data.

Note that default constructors are "unsafe" in the sense that if the input does not conform to the schema, the constructor throws an error containing a description of what is wrong. This is because the goal of default constructors is to provide a quick way to create compliant values (for example, for writing tests or configurations, or in any situation where it is assumed that the input passed to the constructors is valid and the opposite situation is exceptional). To have a "safe" constructor, you can use Schema.validateEither:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const MyNumber = Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.between(1, 10))

const ctor = Schema.validateEither(MyNumber)

console.log(ctor(5))
/*
{ _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 5 }
*/

console.log(ctor(20))
/*
{
  _id: 'Either',
  _tag: 'Left',
  left: {
    _id: 'ParseError',
    message: 'a number between 1 and 10\n' +
      '└─ Predicate refinement failure\n' +
      '   └─ Expected a number between 1 and 10, actual 20'
  }
}
*/

Introduction to Setting Default Values

When constructing objects, it's common to want to assign default values to certain fields to simplify the creation of new instances. Our new withConstructorDefault combinator allows you to effortlessly manage the optionality of a field in your default constructor.

Example Without Default

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const PersonSchema = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.NonEmpty,
  age: Schema.Number
})

// Both name and age are required
PersonSchema.make({ name: "John", age: 30 })

Example With Default

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const PersonSchema = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.NonEmpty,
  age: Schema.Number.pipe(
    Schema.propertySignature,
    Schema.withConstructorDefault(() => 0)
  )
})

// The age field is optional and defaults to 0
console.log(PersonSchema.make({ name: "John" })) // Output: { age: 0, name: 'John' }

In the second example, notice how the age field is now optional and defaults to 0 when not provided.

Defaults are lazily evaluated, meaning that a new instance of the default is generated every time the constructor is called:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const PersonSchema = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.NonEmpty,
  age: Schema.Number.pipe(
    Schema.propertySignature,
    Schema.withConstructorDefault(() => 0)
  ),
  timestamp: Schema.Number.pipe(
    Schema.propertySignature,
    Schema.withConstructorDefault(() => new Date().getTime())
  )
})

console.log(PersonSchema.make({ name: "name1" })) // { age: 0, timestamp: 1714232909221, name: 'name1' }
console.log(PersonSchema.make({ name: "name2" })) // { age: 0, timestamp: 1714232909227, name: 'name2' }

Note how the timestamp field varies.

Default values are also "portable", meaning that if you reuse the same property signature in another schema, the default is carried over:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const PersonSchema = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.NonEmpty,
  age: Schema.Number.pipe(
    Schema.propertySignature,
    Schema.withConstructorDefault(() => 0)
  ),
  timestamp: Schema.Number.pipe(
    Schema.propertySignature,
    Schema.withConstructorDefault(() => new Date().getTime())
  )
})

const AnotherSchema = Schema.Struct({
  foo: Schema.String,
  age: PersonSchema.fields.age
})

console.log(AnotherSchema.make({ foo: "bar" })) // => { foo: 'bar', age: 0 }

Defaults can also be applied using the Class API:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

class Person extends Schema.Class<Person>("Person")({
  name: Schema.NonEmpty,
  age: Schema.Number.pipe(
    Schema.propertySignature,
    Schema.withConstructorDefault(() => 0)
  ),
  timestamp: Schema.Number.pipe(
    Schema.propertySignature,
    Schema.withConstructorDefault(() => new Date().getTime())
  )
}) {}

console.log(new Person({ name: "name1" })) // Person { age: 0, timestamp: 1714400867208, name: 'name1' }
console.log(new Person({ name: "name2" })) // Person { age: 0, timestamp: 1714400867215, name: 'name2' }

API Interfaces

What's an API Interface?

An "API Interface" is an interface specifically defined for a schema exported from @effect/schema or for a particular API exported from @effect/schema. Let's see an example with a simple schema:

Example (an Age schema)

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// API interface
interface Age extends Schema.Schema<number> {}

const Age: Age = Schema.Number.pipe(Schema.between(0, 100))

// type AgeType = number
type AgeType = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Age>
// type AgeEncoded = number
type AgeEncoded = Schema.Schema.Encoded<typeof Age>

The benefit is that when we hover over the Age schema, we see Age instead of Schema<number, number, never>. This is a small improvement if we only think about the Age schema, but as we'll see shortly, these improvements in schema visualization add up, resulting in a significant improvement in the readability of our schemas.

Many of the built-in schemas exported from @effect/schema have been equipped with API interfaces, for example number or never.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// const number: S.Number$
Schema.Number

// const never: S.Never
Schema.Never

[!NOTE] Notice that we had to add a $ suffix to the API interface name because we couldn't simply use "Number" since it's a reserved name for the TypeScript Number type.

Now let's see an example with a combinator that, given an input schema for a certain type A, returns the schema of the pair readonly [A, A]:

Example (a pair combinator)

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// API interface
export interface pair<S extends Schema.Schema.Any>
  extends Schema.Schema<
    readonly [Schema.Schema.Type<S>, Schema.Schema.Type<S>],
    readonly [Schema.Schema.Encoded<S>, Schema.Schema.Encoded<S>],
    Schema.Schema.Context<S>
  > {}

// API
export const pair = <S extends Schema.Schema.Any>(schema: S): pair<S> =>
  Schema.Tuple(Schema.asSchema(schema), Schema.asSchema(schema))

[!NOTE] The Schema.Schema.Any helper represents any schema, except for never. For more information on the asSchema helper, refer to the following section "Understanding Opaque Names".

If we try to use our pair combinator, we see that readability is also improved in this case:

// const Coords: pair<typeof Schema.Number>
const Coords = pair(Schema.Number)

In hover, we simply see pair<typeof Schema.Number> instead of the verbose:

// const Coords: Schema.Tuple<[typeof Schema.Number, typeof Schema.Number]>
const Coords = Schema.Tuple(Schema.Number, Schema.Number)

The new name is not only shorter and more readable but also carries along the origin of the schema, which is a call to the pair combinator.

Understanding Opaque Names

Opaque names generated in this way are very convenient, but sometimes there's a need to see what the underlying types are, perhaps for debugging purposes while you declare your schemas. At any time, you can use the asSchema function, which returns an Schema<A, I, R> compatible with your opaque definition:

// const Coords: pair<typeof Schema.Number>
const Coords = pair(Schema.Number)

// const NonOpaqueCoords: Schema.Schema<readonly [number, number], readonly [number, number], never>
const NonOpaqueCoords = Schema.asSchema(Coords)

[!NOTE] The call to asSchema is negligible in terms of overhead since it's nothing more than a glorified identity function.

Many of the built-in combinators exported from @effect/schema have been equipped with API interfaces, for example struct:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

/*
const Person: Schema.Struct<{
    name: typeof Schema.String;
    age: typeof Schema.Number;
}>
*/
const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

In hover, we simply see:

const Person: Schema.Struct<{
  name: typeof Schema.String
  age: typeof Schema.Number
}>

instead of the verbose:

const Person: Schema.Schema<
  {
    readonly name: string
    readonly age: number
  },
  {
    readonly name: string
    readonly age: number
  },
  never
>

Exposing Arguments

The benefits of API interfaces don't end with better readability; in fact, the driving force behind the introduction of API interfaces arises more from the need to expose some important information about the schemas that users generate. Let's see some examples related to literals and structs:

Example (exposed literals)

Now when we define literals, we can retrieve them using the literals field exposed by the generated schema:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// const myliterals: Schema.Literal<["A", "B"]>
const myliterals = Schema.Literal("A", "B")

// literals: readonly ["A", "B"]
myliterals.literals

console.log(myliterals.literals) // Output: [ 'A', 'B' ]

Example (exposed fields)

Similarly to what we've seen for literals, when we define a struct, we can retrieve its fields:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

/*
const Person: Schema.Struct<{
    name: typeof Schema.String;
    age: typeof Schema.Number;
}>
*/
const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

/*
fields: {
    readonly name: typeof Schema.String;
    readonly age: typeof Schema.Number;
}
*/
Person.fields

console.log(Person.fields)
/*
{
  name: Schema {
    ast: StringKeyword { _tag: 'StringKeyword', annotations: [Object] },
    ...
  },
  age: Schema {
    ast: NumberKeyword { _tag: 'NumberKeyword', annotations: [Object] },
    ...
  }
}
*/

Being able to retrieve the fields is particularly advantageous when you want to extend a struct with new fields; now you can do it simply using the spread operator:

import * as S from "@effect/schema/Schema"

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const Person = Schema.Struct({
  name: Schema.String,
  age: Schema.Number
})

/*
const PersonWithId: Schema.Struct<{
    id: typeof Schema.Number;
    name: typeof Schema.String;
    age: typeof Schema.Number;
}>
*/
const PersonWithId = Schema.Struct({
  ...Person.fields,
  id: Schema.Number
})

The list of APIs equipped with API interfaces is extensive; here we provide only the main ones just to give you an idea of the new development possibilities that have opened up:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// ------------------------
// array value
// ------------------------

// value: typeof Schema.String
Schema.Array(Schema.String).value

// ------------------------
// record key and value
// ------------------------

// key: typeof Schema.String
Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Number).key
// value: typeof Schema.Number
Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Number).value

// ------------------------
// union members
// ------------------------

// members: readonly [typeof Schema.String, typeof Schema.Number]
Schema.Union(Schema.String, Schema.Number).members

// ------------------------
// tuple elements
// ------------------------

// elements: readonly [typeof Schema.String, typeof Schema.Number]
Schema.Tuple(Schema.String, Schema.Number).elements

Troubleshooting When Working With Generic Schemas

Sometimes, while working with functions that handle generic schemas, you may encounter the issue where TypeScript fails to fully resolve the schema type, making it unusable within the function body. Let's see an example:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// A function that uses a generic schema
const MyStruct = <X extends Schema.Schema.All>(x: X) => Schema.Struct({ x })

// Helper type that returns the return type of the `MyStruct` function
type MyStructReturnType<X extends Schema.Schema.All> = Schema.Schema.Type<
  ReturnType<typeof MyStruct<X>>
>

// In the function body, `obj` has type `Simplify<Schema.Struct.Type<{ x: X; }>>`
// so it's not possible to access the `x` field
function test<X extends Schema.Schema.All>(obj: MyStructReturnType<X>) {
  obj.x // error: Property 'x' does not exist on type 'Simplify<Type<{ x: X; }>>'.ts(2339)
}

In the function body, obj has type

Simplify<Schema.Struct.Type<{ x: X }>>

so it's not possible to access the x field.

To solve the problem, you need to force TypeScript to resolve the type of obj, and you can do this with the type-level helper Schema.Schema.AsSchema, which is the type-level counterpart of the function Schema.asSchema:

function test<X extends Schema.Schema.All>(
  obj: MyStructReturnType<Schema.Schema.AsSchema<X>>
) {
  obj.x // Schema.Schema.Type<X>
}

Now the type of obj is resolved to

{
    readonly x: Schema.Schema.Type<X>;
}

and therefore, we can access its x field.

Effect Data Types

Interop With Data

The effect/Data module in the Effect ecosystem serves as a utility module that simplifies the process of comparing values for equality without the need for explicit implementations of the Equal and Hash interfaces. It provides convenient APIs that automatically generate default implementations for equality checks, making it easier for developers to perform equality comparisons in their applications.

import { Data, Equal } from "effect"

const person1 = Data.struct({ name: "Alice", age: 30 })
const person2 = Data.struct({ name: "Alice", age: 30 })

console.log(Equal.equals(person1, person2)) // true

You can use the Schema.Data(schema) combinator to build a schema from an existing schema that can decode a value A to a value with Equal and Hash traits added:

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Equal } from "effect"

/*
Schema.Schema<{
    readonly name: string;
    readonly age: number;
}, {
    readonly name: string;
    readonly age: number;
}, never>
*/
const schema = Schema.Data(
  Schema.Struct({
    name: Schema.String,
    age: Schema.Number
  })
)

const decode = Schema.decode(schema)

const person1 = decode({ name: "Alice", age: 30 })
const person2 = decode({ name: "Alice", age: 30 })

console.log(Equal.equals(person1, person2)) // true

Option

Cheatsheet

Combinator	From	To
`Option`	`Schema<A, I, R>`	`Schema<Option<A>, OptionFrom<I>, R>`
`OptionFromSelf`	`Schema<A, I, R>`	`Schema<Option<A>, Option<I>, R>`
`OptionFromNullOr`	`Schema<A, I, R>`	`Schema<Option<A>, I \| null, R>`
`OptionFromNullishOr`	`Schema<A, I, R>`, `null \| undefined`	`Schema<Option<A>, I \| null \| undefined, R>`

where

type OptionFrom<I> =
  | {
      readonly _tag: "None"
    }
  | {
      readonly _tag: "Some"
      readonly value: I
    }

Option

decoding
- { _tag: "None" } -> Option.none()
- { _tag: "Some", value: i } -> Option.some(a)
encoding
- Option.none() -> { _tag: "None" }
- Option.some(a) -> { _tag: "Some", value: i }

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Option } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.Option(Schema.NumberFromString)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode({ _tag: "None" })) // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
console.log(decode({ _tag: "Some", value: "1" })) // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }

console.log(encode(Option.none())) // { _tag: 'None' }
console.log(encode(Option.some(1))) // { _tag: 'Some', value: '1' }

OptionFromSelf

decoding
- Option.none() -> Option.none()
- Option.some(i) -> Option.some(a)
encoding
- Option.none() -> Option.none()
- Option.some(a) -> Option.some(i)

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Option } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.OptionFromSelf(Schema.NumberFromString)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode(Option.none())) // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
console.log(decode(Option.some("1"))) // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }

console.log(encode(Option.none())) // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
console.log(encode(Option.some(1))) // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: '1' }

OptionFromNullOr

decoding
- null -> Option.none()
- i -> Option.some(a)
encoding
- Option.none() -> null
- Option.some(a) -> i

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Option } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.OptionFromNullOr(Schema.NumberFromString)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode(null)) // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
console.log(decode("1")) // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }

console.log(encode(Option.none())) // null
console.log(encode(Option.some(1))) // "1"

OptionFromNullishOr

decoding
- null -> Option.none()
- undefined -> Option.none()
- i -> Option.some(a)
encoding
- Option.none() -> <onNoneEncoding value>
- Option.some(a) -> i

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Option } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.OptionFromNullishOr(Schema.NumberFromString, undefined)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode(null)) // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
console.log(decode(undefined)) // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
console.log(decode("1")) // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }

console.log(encode(Option.none())) // undefined
console.log(encode(Option.some(1))) // "1"

Either

decoding
- { _tag: "Left", left: li } -> Either.left(la)
- { _tag: "Right", right: ri } -> Either.right(ra)
encoding
- Either.left(la) -> { _tag: "Left", left: li }
- Either.right(ra) -> { _tag: "Right", right: ri }

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Either } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.Either({
  left: Schema.Trim,
  right: Schema.NumberFromString
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode({ _tag: "Left", left: " a " })) // { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'a' }
console.log(decode({ _tag: "Right", right: "1" })) // { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 1 }

console.log(encode(Either.left("a"))) // { _tag: 'Left', left: 'a' }
console.log(encode(Either.right(1))) // { _tag: 'Right', right: '1' }

EitherFromSelf

decoding
- Either.left(li) -> Either.left(la)
- Either.right(ri) -> Either.right(ra)
encoding
- Either.left(la) -> Either.left(li)
- Either.right(ra) -> Either.right(ri)

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Either } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.EitherFromSelf({
  left: Schema.Trim,
  right: Schema.NumberFromString
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode(Either.left(" a "))) // { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'a' }
console.log(decode(Either.right("1"))) // { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 1 }

console.log(encode(Either.left("a"))) // { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'a' }
console.log(encode(Either.right(1))) // { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: '1' }

EitherFromUnion

decoding
- li -> Either.left(la)
- ri -> Either.right(ra)
encoding
- Either.left(la) -> li
- Either.right(ra) -> ri

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Either } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.EitherFromUnion({
  left: Schema.Boolean,
  right: Schema.NumberFromString
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode(true)) // { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: true }
console.log(decode("1")) // { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 1 }

console.log(encode(Either.left(true))) // true
console.log(encode(Either.right(1))) // "1"

ReadonlySet

decoding
- ReadonlyArray -> ReadonlySet<A>
encoding
- ReadonlySet<A> -> ReadonlyArray

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.ReadonlySet(Schema.NumberFromString)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode(["1", "2", "3"])) // Set(3) { 1, 2, 3 }
console.log(encode(new Set([1, 2, 3]))) // [ '1', '2', '3' ]

ReadonlySetFromSelf

decoding
- ReadonlySet -> ReadonlySet<A>
encoding
- ReadonlySet<A> -> ReadonlySet

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.ReadonlySetFromSelf(Schema.NumberFromString)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode(new Set(["1", "2", "3"]))) // Set(3) { 1, 2, 3 }
console.log(encode(new Set([1, 2, 3]))) // Set(3) { '1', '2', '3' }

ReadonlyMap

decoding
- ReadonlyArray<readonly [KI, VI]> -> ReadonlyMap<KA, VA>
encoding
- ReadonlyMap<KA, VA> -> ReadonlyArray<readonly [KI, VI]>

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.ReadonlyMap({
  key: Schema.String,
  value: Schema.NumberFromString
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(
  decode([
    ["a", "2"],
    ["b", "2"],
    ["c", "3"]
  ])
) // Map(3) { 'a' => 2, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 3 }
console.log(
  encode(
    new Map([
      ["a", 1],
      ["b", 2],
      ["c", 3]
    ])
  )
) // [ [ 'a', '1' ], [ 'b', '2' ], [ 'c', '3' ] ]

ReadonlyMapFromSelf

decoding
- ReadonlyMap<KI, VI> -> ReadonlyMap<KA, VA>
encoding
- ReadonlyMap<KA, VA> -> ReadonlyMap<KI, VI>

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const schema = Schema.ReadonlyMapFromSelf({
  key: Schema.String,
  value: Schema.NumberFromString
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(
  decode(
    new Map([
      ["a", "2"],
      ["b", "2"],
      ["c", "3"]
    ])
  )
) // Map(3) { 'a' => 2, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 3 }
console.log(
  encode(
    new Map([
      ["a", 1],
      ["b", 2],
      ["c", 3]
    ])
  )
) // Map(3) { 'a' => '1', 'b' => '2', 'c' => '3' }

HashSet

decoding
- ReadonlyArray -> HashSet<A>
encoding
- HashSet<A> -> ReadonlyArray

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { HashSet } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.HashSet(Schema.NumberFromString)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode(["1", "2", "3"])) // { _id: 'HashSet', values: [ 1, 2, 3 ] }
console.log(encode(HashSet.fromIterable([1, 2, 3]))) // [ '1', '2', '3' ]

HashSetFromSelf

decoding
- HashSet -> HashSet<A>
encoding
- HashSet<A> -> HashSet

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { HashSet } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.HashSetFromSelf(Schema.NumberFromString)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode(HashSet.fromIterable(["1", "2", "3"]))) // { _id: 'HashSet', values: [ 1, 2, 3 ] }
console.log(encode(HashSet.fromIterable([1, 2, 3]))) // { _id: 'HashSet', values: [ '1', '3', '2' ] }

HashMap

decoding
- ReadonlyArray<readonly [KI, VI]> -> HashMap<KA, VA>
encoding
- HashMap<KA, VA> -> ReadonlyArray<readonly [KI, VI]>

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { HashMap } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.HashMap({
  key: Schema.String,
  value: Schema.NumberFromString
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(
  decode([
    ["a", "2"],
    ["b", "2"],
    ["c", "3"]
  ])
) // { _id: 'HashMap', values: [ [ 'a', 2 ], [ 'c', 3 ], [ 'b', 2 ] ] }
console.log(
  encode(
    HashMap.fromIterable([
      ["a", 1],
      ["b", 2],
      ["c", 3]
    ])
  )
) // [ [ 'a', '1' ], [ 'c', '3' ], [ 'b', '2' ] ]

HashMapFromSelf

decoding
- HashMap<KI, VI> -> HashMap<KA, VA>
encoding
- HashMap<KA, VA> -> HashMap<KI, VI>

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { HashMap } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.HashMapFromSelf({
  key: Schema.String,
  value: Schema.NumberFromString
})

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(
  decode(
    HashMap.fromIterable([
      ["a", "2"],
      ["b", "2"],
      ["c", "3"]
    ])
  )
) // { _id: 'HashMap', values: [ [ 'a', 2 ], [ 'c', 3 ], [ 'b', 2 ] ] }
console.log(
  encode(
    HashMap.fromIterable([
      ["a", 1],
      ["b", 2],
      ["c", 3]
    ])
  )
) // { _id: 'HashMap', values: [ [ 'a', '1' ], [ 'c', '3' ], [ 'b', '2' ] ] }

SortedSet

decoding
- ReadonlyArray -> SortedSet<A>
encoding
- SortedSet<A> -> ReadonlyArray

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Number, SortedSet } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.SortedSet(Schema.NumberFromString, Number.Order)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode(["1", "2", "3"])) // { _id: 'SortedSet', values: [ 1, 2, 3 ] }
console.log(encode(SortedSet.fromIterable(Number.Order)([1, 2, 3]))) // [ '1', '2', '3' ]

SortedSetFromSelf

decoding
- SortedSet -> SortedSet<A>
encoding
- SortedSet<A> -> SortedSet

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"
import { Number, SortedSet, String } from "effect"

const schema = Schema.SortedSetFromSelf(
  Schema.NumberFromString,
  Number.Order,
  String.Order
)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
const encode = Schema.encodeSync(schema)

console.log(decode(SortedSet.fromIterable(String.Order)(["1", "2", "3"]))) // { _id: 'SortedSet', values: [ 1, 2, 3 ] }
console.log(encode(SortedSet.fromIterable(Number.Order)([1, 2, 3]))) // { _id: 'SortedSet', values: [ '1', '2', '3' ] }

Useful Examples

Email

Since there are various different definitions of what constitutes a valid email address depending on the environment and use case, @effect/schema does not provide a built-in combinator for parsing email addresses. However, it is easy to define a custom combinator that can be used to parse email addresses.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

// see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46155/how-can-i-validate-an-email-address-in-javascript/46181#46181
const Email = Schema.pattern(
  /^(?!\.)(?!.*\.\.)([A-Z0-9_+-.]*)[A-Z0-9_+-]@([A-Z0-9][A-Z0-9-]*\.)+[A-Z]{2,}$/i
)

Url

Multiple environments like the Browser or Node provide a built-in URL class that can be used to validate URLs. Here we demonstrate how to leverage it to validate if a string is a valid URL.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const UrlString = Schema.String.pipe(
  Schema.filter((value) => {
    try {
      new URL(value)
      return true
    } catch (_) {
      return false
    }
  })
)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(UrlString)

console.log(decode("https://www.effect.website")) // https://www.effect.website

In case you prefer to normalize URLs you can combine transformOrFail with URL:

import { ParseResult, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const NormalizedUrlString = Schema.String.pipe(
  Schema.filter((value) => {
    try {
      return new URL(value).toString() === value
    } catch (_) {
      return false
    }
  })
)

const NormalizeUrlString = Schema.transformOrFail(
  Schema.String,
  NormalizedUrlString,
  {
    decode: (value, _, ast) =>
      ParseResult.try({
        try: () => new URL(value).toString(),
        catch: (err) =>
          new ParseResult.Type(
            ast,
            value,
            err instanceof Error ? err.message : undefined
          )
      }),
    encode: ParseResult.succeed
  }
)

const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(NormalizeUrlString)

console.log(decode("https://www.effect.website")) // "https://www.effect.website/"

Technical overview: Understanding Schemas

A schema is a description of a data structure that can be used to generate various artifacts from a single declaration.

From a technical point of view a schema is just a typed wrapper of an AST value:

interface Schema<A, I, R> {
  readonly ast: AST
}

The AST type represents a tiny portion of the TypeScript AST, roughly speaking the part describing ADTs (algebraic data types), i.e. products (like structs and tuples) and unions, plus a custom transformation node.

This means that you can define your own schema constructors / combinators as long as you are able to manipulate the AST value accordingly, let's see an example.

Say we want to define a pair schema constructor, which takes a Schema<A, I, R> as input and returns a Schema<readonly [A, A], readonly [I, I], R> as output.

First of all we need to define the signature of pair

import type { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

declare const pair: <A, I, R>(
  schema: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>
) => Schema.Schema<readonly [A, A], readonly [I, I], R>

Then we can implement the body using the APIs exported by the @effect/schema/AST module:

import { AST, Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const pair = <A, I, R>(
  schema: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>
): Schema.Schema<readonly [A, A], readonly [I, I], R> => {
  const element = new AST.Element(
    schema.ast, // <= the element type
    false // <= is optional?
  )
  const tuple = new AST.TupleType(
    [element, element], // <= elements definitions
    [], // <= rest element
    true // <= is readonly?
  )
  return Schema.make(tuple) // <= wrap the AST value in a Schema
}

This example demonstrates the use of the low-level APIs of the AST module, however, the same result can be achieved more easily and conveniently by using the high-level APIs provided by the Schema module.

import { Schema } from "@effect/schema"

const pair = <A, I, R>(
  schema: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>
): Schema.Schema<readonly [A, A], readonly [I, I], R> =>
  Schema.Tuple(schema, schema)

Comparisons

Zod

Feature-wise, schema can do practically everything that zod can do.

The main differences are:

schema transformations are bidirectional, so it not only decodes like zod but also encodes.
schema is integrated with Effect and inherits some benefits from it (such as dependency tracking in transformations).
schema is highly customizable through annotations, allowing users to attach meta-information.
schema uses a functional programming style with combinators and transformations (while zod provides a chainable API).

Basic usage

Zod

import { z } from "zod"

// creating a schema for strings
const mySchema = z.string()

// parsing
mySchema.parse("tuna") // => "tuna"
mySchema.parse(12) // => throws ZodError

// "safe" parsing (doesn't throw error if validation fails)
mySchema.safeParse("tuna") // => { success: true; data: "tuna" }
mySchema.safeParse(12) // => { success: false; error: ZodError }

Schema

import { Schema as S } from "@effect/schema"

// creating a schema for strings
const mySchema = S.String

// parsing
S.decodeUnknownSync(mySchema)("tuna") // => "tuna"
S.decodeUnknownSync(mySchema)(12) // => throws ParseError

// "safe" parsing (doesn't throw error if validation fails)
S.decodeUnknownEither(mySchema)("tuna") // => right("tuna")
S.decodeUnknownEither(mySchema)(12) // => left(ParseError)

Creating an object schema

Zod

import { z } from "zod"

const User = z.object({
  username: z.string()
})

User.parse({ username: "Ludwig" })

// extract the inferred type
type User = z.infer<typeof User>
// { username: string }

Schema

import { Schema as S } from "@effect/schema"

const User = S.Struct({
  username: S.String
})

S.decodeUnknownSync(User)({ username: "Ludwig" })

// extract the inferred type
type User = S.Schema.Type<typeof User>
// { readonly username: string }

Primitives

Zod

import { z } from "zod"

// primitive values
z.string()
z.number()
z.bigint()
z.boolean()
z.date()
z.symbol()

// empty types
z.undefined()
z.null()
z.void() // accepts undefined

// catch-all types
// allows any value
z.any()
z.unknown()

// never type
// allows no values
z.never()

Schema

import { Schema as S } from "@effect/schema"

// primitive values
S.String
S.Number
S.BigInt
S.Boolean
S.Date
S.Symbol

// empty types
S.Undefined
S.Null
S.Void // accepts undefined

// catch-all types
// allows any value
S.Any
S.Unknown

// never type
// allows no values
S.Never

Coercion for primitives

No equivalent.

Literals

Zod

const tuna = z.literal("tuna")
const twelve = z.literal(12)
const twobig = z.literal(2n) // bigint literal
const tru = z.literal(true)

const terrificSymbol = Symbol("terrific")
const terrific = z.literal(terrificSymbol)

// retrieve literal value
tuna.value // "tuna"

Schema

import { Schema as S } from "@effect/schema"

const tuna = S.Literal("tuna")
const twelve = S.Literal(12)
const twobig = S.Literal(2n) // bigint literal
const tru = S.Literal(true)

const terrificSymbol = Symbol("terrific")
const terrific = S.UniqueSymbolFromSelf(terrificSymbol)

// retrieve literal value
tuna.literals // ["tuna"]

Strings

Zod

// validations
z.string().max(5)
z.string().min(5)
z.string().length(5)
z.string().email()
z.string().url()
z.string().emoji()
z.string().uuid()
z.string().nanoid()
z.string().cuid()
z.string().cuid2()
z.string().ulid()
z.string().regex(regex)
z.string().includes(string)
z.string().startsWith(string)
z.string().endsWith(string)
z.string().datetime() // ISO 8601; by default only `Z` timezone allowed
z.string().date() // ISO date format (YYYY-MM-DD)
z.string().time() // ISO time format (HH:mm:ss[.SSSSSS])
z.string().duration() // ISO 8601 duration
z.string().ip() // defaults to allow both IPv4 and IPv6
z.string().base64()

// transforms
z.string().trim() // trim whitespace
z.string().toLowerCase() // toLowerCase
z.string().toUpperCase() // toUpperCase

Schema

import { Schema as S } from "@effect/schema"

// validations
S.String.pipe(S.maxLength(5))
S.String.pipe(S.minLength(5))
S.String.pipe(S.length(5))
// S.string().email() // No equivalent
// S.string().url() // No equivalent
// S.string().emoji() // No equivalent
S.UUID
// S.string().nanoid() // No equivalent
// S.string().cuid() // No equivalent
// S.string().cuid2() // No equivalent
S.ULID
S.String.pipe(S.pattern(regex))
S.String.pipe(S.includes(string))
S.String.pipe(S.startsWith(string))
S.String.pipe(S.endsWith(string))
// S.string().datetime() // No equivalent
// S.string().date() // No equivalent
// S.string().time() // No equivalent
// S.string().duration() // No equivalent
// S.string().ip() // No equivalent
S.Base64

// transforms
S.Trim // trim whitespace
S.Lowercase // toLowerCase
S.Uppercase // toUpperCase

You can customize some common error messages when creating a string schema.

Zod

const name = z.string({
  required_error: "Name is required",
  invalid_type_error: "Name must be a string"
})

Schema

const name = S.String.annotations({
  message: () => "Name must be a string"
})

When using validation methods, you can pass in an additional argument to provide a custom error message.

Zod

z.string().min(5, { message: "Must be 5 or more characters long" })

Schema

S.String.pipe(
  S.minLength(5, { message: () => "Must be 5 or more characters long" })
)

Datetimes

No equivalent.

Dates

Zod

const date = z.string().date()

date.parse("2020-01-01") // pass
date.parse("2020-1-1") // fail
date.parse("2020-01-32") // fail

Schema

import { Schema as S } from "@effect/schema"

S.decodeUnknownSync(S.Date)("2020-01-01") // pass
S.decodeUnknownSync(S.Date)("2020-1-1") // pass
S.decodeUnknownSync(S.Date)("2020-01-32") // fail

Times

No equivalent.

IP addresses

No equivalent.

Numbers

Zod

z.number().gt(5)
z.number().gte(5) // alias .min(5)
z.number().lt(5)
z.number().lte(5) // alias .max(5)

z.number().int() // value must be an integer

z.number().positive() //     > 0
z.number().nonnegative() //  >= 0
z.number().negative() //     < 0
z.number().nonpositive() //  <= 0

z.number().multipleOf(5) // Evenly divisible by 5. Alias .step(5)

z.number().finite() // value must be finite, not Infinity or -Infinity
z.number().safe() // value must be between Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER and Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER

Schema

import { Schema as S } from "@effect/schema"

S.Number.pipe(S.greaterThan(5))
S.Number.pipe(S.greaterThanOrEqualTo(5))
S.Number.pipe(S.lessThan(5))
S.Number.pipe(S.lessThanOrEqualTo(5))

S.Number.pipe(S.int())

S.Number.pipe(S.positive())
S.Number.pipe(S.nonNegative())
S.Number.pipe(S.negative())
S.Number.pipe(S.nonPositive())

S.Number.pipe(S.multipleOf(5))

S.Number.pipe(S.finite())
// z.number().safe(); // No equivalent

Optionally, you can pass in a second argument to provide a custom error message.

Zod

z.number().lte(5, { message: "this👏is👏too👏big" })

Schema

S.Number.pipe(S.lessThanOrEqualTo(5, { message: () => "this👏is👏too👏big" }))

BigInts

Zod

z.bigint().gt(5n)
z.bigint().gte(5n) // alias `.min(5n)`
z.bigint().lt(5n)
z.bigint().lte(5n) // alias `.max(5n)`

z.bigint().positive() // > 0n
z.bigint().nonnegative() // >= 0n
z.bigint().negative() // < 0n
z.bigint().nonpositive() // <= 0n

z.bigint().multipleOf(5n) // Evenly divisible by 5n.

Schema

import { Schema as S } from "@effect/schema"

S.BigInt.pipe(S.greaterThanBigInt(5n))
S.BigInt.pipe(S.greaterThanOrEqualToBigInt(5n))
S.BigInt.pipe(S.lessThanBigInt(5n))
S.BigInt.pipe(S.lessThanOrEqualToBigInt(5n))

S.BigInt.pipe(S.positiveBigInt())
S.BigInt.pipe(S.nonNegativeBigInt())
S.BigInt.pipe(S.negativeBigInt())
S.BigInt.pipe(S.nonPositiveBigInt())

// S.BigInt.pipe().multipleOf(5n);  // No equivalent

Booleans

Zod

const isActive = z.boolean({
  required_error: "isActive is required",
  invalid_type_error: "isActive must be a boolean"
})

Schema

const isActive = S.Boolean.annotations({
  message: () => "isActive must be a boolean"
})

Native enums

Zod

enum Fruits {
  Apple,
  Banana
}

const FruitEnum = z.nativeEnum(Fruits)
type FruitEnum = z.infer<typeof FruitEnum> // Fruits

FruitEnum.parse(Fruits.Apple) // passes
FruitEnum.parse(Fruits.Banana) // passes
FruitEnum.parse(0) // passes
FruitEnum.parse(1) // passes
FruitEnum.parse(3) // fails

Schema

enum Fruits {
  Apple,
  Banana
}

const FruitEnum = S.Enums(Fruits)
type FruitEnum = S.Schema.Type<typeof FruitEnum> // Fruits

S.decodeUnknownSync(FruitEnum)(Fruits.Apple) // passes
S.decodeUnknownSync(FruitEnum)(Fruits.Banana) // passes
S.decodeUnknownSync(FruitEnum)(0) // passes
S.decodeUnknownSync(FruitEnum)(1) // passes
S.decodeUnknownSync(FruitEnum)(3) // fails

Optionals

Zod

const user = z.object({
  username: z.string().optional()
})
type C = z.infer<typeof user> // { username?: string | undefined };

Schema

const user = S.Struct({
  username: S.optional(S.String)
})
type C = S.Schema.Type<typeof user> // { readonly username?: string | undefined };

Nullables

Zod

const nullableString = z.nullable(z.string())
nullableString.parse("asdf") // => "asdf"
nullableString.parse(null) // => null

Schema

const nullableString = S.NullOr(S.String)
S.decodeUnknownSync(nullableString)("asdf") // => "asdf"
S.decodeUnknownSync(nullableString)(null) // => null

Objects

Zod

// all properties are required by default
const Dog = z.object({
  name: z.string(),
  age: z.number()
})

// extract the inferred type like this
type Dog = z.infer<typeof Dog>

// equivalent to:
type Dog = {
  name: string
  age: number
}

Schema

// all properties are required by default
const Dog = S.Struct({
  name: S.String,
  age: S.Number
})

// extract the inferred type like this
type Dog = S.Schema.Type<typeof Dog>

// equivalent to:
type Dog = {
  readonly name: string
  readonly age: number
}

shape

Zod

Dog.shape.name // => string schema
Dog.shape.age // => number schema

Schema

Dog.fields.name // => String schema
Dog.fields.age // => Number schema

keyof

Zod

const keySchema = Dog.keyof()
keySchema // ZodEnum<["name", "age"]>

Schema

// const keySchema: S.Schema<"name" | "age", "name" | "age", never>
const keySchema = S.keyof(Dog)

extend

Zod

const DogWithBreed = Dog.extend({
  breed: z.string()
})

Schema

const DogWithBreed = Dog.pipe(
  S.extend(
    S.Struct({
      breed: S.String
    })
  )
)

// or simply

const DogWithBreed = S.Struct({
  ...Dog.fields,
  breed: S.String
})

pick / omit

Zod

const Recipe = z.object({
  id: z.string(),
  name: z.string(),
  ingredients: z.array(z.string())
})

const JustTheName = Recipe.pick({ name: true })

const NoIDRecipe = Recipe.omit({ id: true })

Schema

const Recipe = S.Struct({
  id: S.String,
  name: S.String,
  ingredients: S.Array(S.String)
})

const JustTheName = Recipe.pipe(S.pick("name"))

const NoIDRecipe = Recipe.pipe(S.omit("id"))

partial

Zod

const user = z.object({
  email: z.string(),
  username: z.string()
})

const partialUser = user.partial()

Schema

const user = S.Struct({
  email: S.String,
  username: S.String
})

const partialUser = S.partial(user)

deepPartial

No equivalent

required

Zod

const user = z
  .object({
    email: z.string(),
    username: z.string()
  })
  .partial()

const requiredUser = user.required()

Schema

const user = S.partial(
  S.Struct({
    email: S.String,
    username: S.String
  })
)

const requiredUser = S.required(user)

passthrough

Zod

const person = z.object({
  name: z.string()
})

person.parse({
  name: "bob dylan",
  extraKey: 61
})
// => { name: "bob dylan" }
// extraKey has been stripped

person.passthrough().parse({
  name: "bob dylan",
  extraKey: 61
})
// => { name: "bob dylan", extraKey: 61 }

Schema

const person = S.Struct({
  name: S.String
})

S.decodeUnknownSync(person)(
  {
    name: "bob dylan",
    extraKey: 61
  },
  { onExcessProperty: "preserve" }
)
// => { name: "bob dylan", extraKey: 61 }

strict

Zod

const person = z
  .object({
    name: z.string()
  })
  .strict()

person.parse({
  name: "bob dylan",
  extraKey: 61
})
// => throws ZodError

Schema

const person = S.Struct({
  name: S.String
})

S.decodeUnknownSync(person)(
  {
    name: "bob dylan",
    extraKey: 61
  },
  { onExcessProperty: "error" }
)
// => throws ParseError

catchall

Zod

const person = z
  .object({
    name: z.string()
  })
  .catchall(z.string())

person.parse({
  name: "bob dylan",
  validExtraKey: "foo" // works fine
})

person.parse({
  name: "bob dylan",
  validExtraKey: false // fails
})
// => throws ZodError```

Schema

const person = S.Struct(
  {
    name: S.String
  },
  S.Record(S.String, S.String)
)

S.decodeUnknownSync(person)({
  name: "bob dylan",
  validExtraKey: "foo" // works fine
})

S.decodeUnknownSync(person)({
  name: "bob dylan",
  validExtraKey: true // fails
})
// => throws ParseError

Arrays

Zod

const stringArray = z.array(z.string())

Schema

const stringArray = S.Array(S.String)

element

Zod

stringArray.element // => string schema

Schema

stringArray.value // => String schema

nonempty

Zod

const nonEmptyStrings = z.string().array().nonempty()
// the inferred type is now
// [string, ...string[]]

nonEmptyStrings.parse([]) // throws: "Array cannot be empty"
nonEmptyStrings.parse(["Ariana Grande"]) // passes

Schema

const nonEmptyStrings = S.NonEmptyArray(S.String)
// the inferred type is now
// [string, ...string[]]

S.decodeUnknownSync(nonEmptyStrings)([])
/* throws:
Error: readonly [string, ...string[]]
└─ [0]
   └─ is missing
*/
S.decodeUnknownSync(nonEmptyStrings)(["Ariana Grande"]) // passes

min / max / length

Zod

z.string().array().min(5) // must contain 5 or more items
z.string().array().max(5) // must contain 5 or fewer items
z.string().array().length(5) // must contain 5 items exactly

Schema

S.Array(S.String).pipe(S.minItems(5)) // must contain 5 or more items
S.Array(S.String).pipe(S.maxItems(5)) // must contain 5 or fewer items
S.Array(S.String).pipe(S.itemsCount(5)) // must contain 5 items exactly

Tuples

Zod

const athleteSchema = z.tuple([
  z.string(), // name
  z.number(), // jersey number
  z.object({
    pointsScored: z.number()
  }) // statistics
])

type Athlete = z.infer<typeof athleteSchema>
// type Athlete = [string, number, { pointsScored: number }]

Schema

const athleteSchema = S.Tuple(
  S.String, // name
  S.Number, // jersey number
  S.Struct({
    pointsScored: S.Number
  }) // statistics
)

type Athlete = S.Schema.Type<typeof athleteSchema>
// type Athlete = readonly [string, number, { readonly pointsScored: number }]

A variadic ("rest") argument can be added with the .rest method.

Zod

const variadicTuple = z.tuple([z.string()]).rest(z.number())
const result = variadicTuple.parse(["hello", 1, 2, 3])
// => [string, ...number[]];

Schema

const variadicTuple = S.Tuple([S.String], S.Number)
const result = S.decodeUnknownSync(variadicTuple)(["hello", 1, 2, 3])
// => readonly [string, ...number[]];

Unions

Zod

const stringOrNumber = z.union([z.string(), z.number()])

stringOrNumber.parse("foo") // passes
stringOrNumber.parse(14) // passes

Schema

const stringOrNumber = S.Union(S.String, S.Number)

S.decodeUnknownSync(stringOrNumber)("foo") // passes
S.decodeUnknownSync(stringOrNumber)(14) // passes

Discriminated unions

No equivalent needed as discriminated unions are automatically detected.

Records

Zod

const User = z.object({ name: z.string() })

const UserStore = z.record(z.string(), User)
type UserStore = z.infer<typeof UserStore>
// => Record<string, { name: string }>

Schema

const User = S.Struct({ name: S.String })

const UserStore = S.Record(S.String, User)
type UserStore = S.Schema.Type<typeof UserStore>
// => type UserStore = { readonly [x: string]: { readonly name: string; }; }

Maps

Zod

const stringNumberMap = z.map(z.string(), z.number())

type StringNumberMap = z.infer<typeof stringNumberMap>
// type StringNumberMap = Map<string, number>

Schema

const stringNumberMap = S.Map({ key: S.String, value: S.Number })

type StringNumberMap = S.Schema.Type<typeof stringNumberMap>
// type StringNumberMap = Map<string, number>

Sets

Zod

const numberSet = z.set(z.number())
type NumberSet = z.infer<typeof numberSet>
// type NumberSet = Set<number>

Schema

const numberSet = S.Set(S.Number)

type NumberSet = S.Schema.Type<typeof numberSet>
// type NumberSet = Set<number>

Intersections

No equivalent.

Recursive types

Zod

const baseCategorySchema = z.object({
  name: z.string()
})

type Category = z.infer<typeof baseCategorySchema> & {
  subcategories: Category[]
}

const categorySchema: z.ZodType<Category> = baseCategorySchema.extend({
  subcategories: z.lazy(() => categorySchema.array())
})

Schema

const baseCategorySchema = S.Struct({
  name: S.String
})

type Category = S.Schema.Type<typeof baseCategorySchema> & {
  readonly subcategories: ReadonlyArray<Category>
}

const categorySchema: S.Schema<Category> = S.Struct({
  ...baseCategorySchema.fields,
  subcategories: S.suspend(() => S.Array(categorySchema))
})

Promises

No equivalent.

Instanceof

Zod

class Test {
  name: string = "name"
}

const TestSchema = z.instanceof(Test)

const blob: any = "whatever"
TestSchema.parse(new Test()) // passes
TestSchema.parse(blob) // throws

Schema

class Test {
  name: string = "name"
}

const TestSchema = S.instanceOf(Test)

const blob: any = "whatever"

S.decodeUnknownSync(TestSchema)(new Test()) // passes
S.decodeUnknownSync(TestSchema)(blob) // throws

Functions

No equivalent.

Preprocess

No equivalent.

Custom schemas

Zod

z.custom

Schema

S.declare

refine / superRefine

Zod

.refine() / .superRefine() methods

Schema

S.filter / S.transformOrFail functions

transform

Zod

.transform() method

Schema

S.transform function

describe

Zod

const documentedString = z
  .string()
  .describe("A useful bit of text, if you know what to do with it.")
documentedString.description // A useful bit of text…

Schema

import { AST, Schema as S } from "@effect/schema"

const documentedString = S.String.annotations({
  description: "A useful bit of text, if you know what to do with it."
})

console.log(AST.getDescriptionAnnotation(documentedString.ast))
/*
Output:
{
  _id: 'Option',
  _tag: 'Some',
  value: 'A useful bit of text, if you know what to do with it.'
}
*/

nullish

Zod

const nullishString = z.string().nullish() // string | null | undefined

Schema

const nullishString = S.NullishOr(S.String) // string | null | undefined

brand

Zod

const Cat = z.object({ name: z.string() }).brand<"Cat">()

Schema

const Cat = S.Struct({ name: S.String }).pipe(S.brand("Cat"))

readonly

No equivalent as it's the default behavior.

API Reference

API Reference

License

The MIT License (MIT)

Contributing Guidelines

Thank you for considering contributing to our project! Here are some guidelines to help you get started:

Reporting Bugs

If you have found a bug, please open an issue on our issue tracker and provide as much detail as possible. This should include:

A clear and concise description of the problem
Steps to reproduce the problem
The expected behavior
The actual behavior
Any relevant error messages or logs

Suggesting Enhancements

If you have an idea for an enhancement or a new feature, please open an issue on our issue tracker and provide as much detail as possible. This should include:

A clear and concise description of the enhancement or feature
Any potential benefits or use cases
Any potential drawbacks or trade-offs

Pull Requests

We welcome contributions via pull requests! Here are some guidelines to help you get started:

Fork the repository and clone it to your local machine.
Create a new branch for your changes: git checkout -b my-new-feature
Ensure you have the required dependencies installed by running: pnpm install (assuming pnpm version 8.x).
Make your desired changes and, if applicable, include tests to validate your modifications.
Run the following commands to ensure the integrity of your changes:
- pnpm check: Verify that the code compiles.
- pnpm test: Execute the tests.
- pnpm circular: Confirm there are no circular imports.
- pnpm lint: Check for code style adherence (if you happen to encounter any errors during this process, you can add the --fix option to automatically fix some of these style issues).
- pnpm dtslint: Run type-level tests.
- pnpm docgen: Update the automatically generated documentation.
Create a changeset for your changes: before committing your changes, create a changeset to document the modifications. This helps in tracking and communicating the changes effectively. To create a changeset, run the following command: pnpm changeset.
Commit your changes: after creating the changeset, commit your changes with a descriptive commit message: git commit -am 'Add some feature'.
Push your changes to your fork: git push origin my-new-feature.
Open a pull request against our main branch.

Pull Request Guidelines

Please make sure your changes are consistent with the project's existing style and conventions.
Please write clear commit messages and include a summary of your changes in the pull request description.
Please make sure all tests pass and add new tests as necessary.
If your change requires documentation, please update the relevant documentation.
Please be patient! We will do our best to review your pull request as soon as possible.

Credits

This library was inspired by the following projects:

License

By contributing to this project, you agree that your contributions will be licensed under the project's MIT License.

@effect/schema

Introduction

The Schema Type

Understanding Decoding and Encoding

The Rule of Schemas: Keeping Encode and Decode in Sync

Requirements

Understanding exactOptionalPropertyTypes

Getting started

Defining a schema

Extracting Inferred Types

Type

Encoded

Context

Advanced extracting Inferred Types

Decoding From Unknown Values

Using decodeUnknown* Functions

Handling Async Transformations

Excess properties

All errors

Encoding

Formatting Errors

TreeFormatter (default)

ParseIssueTitle Annotation

ArrayFormatter

Assertions

Using fast-check Arbitraries

Customizations

Pretty print

Customizations

Generating JSON Schemas

Identifier Annotations

Standard JSON Schema Annotations

Recursive and Mutually Recursive Schemas

Custom JSON Schema Annotations

Generating Equivalences

Customizations

Basic Usage

Cheatsheet

Primitives

Literals

Exposed Values

Template literals

Unique Symbols

Filters

Exposed Values

String Filters

Number Filters

BigInt Filters

BigDecimal Filters

Duration Filters

Array Filters

Branded types

Defining a schema from scratch

Reusing an existing branded type

Native enums

Accessing Enum Members

Nullables

Unions

Union of Literals

Discriminated unions

How to transform a simple union into a discriminated union

Exposed Values

Tuples

required Elements

Append a required element

Optional Elements

Rest Element

Exposed Values

Arrays

Exposed Values

Mutable Arrays

Non empty arrays

Exposed Values

Records

String keys

Keys refinements

Symbol keys

Template literal keys

Mutable Records

Exposed Values

Understanding `exactOptionalPropertyTypes`

Using `decodeUnknown*` Functions

Optional Fields as `Option`s