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ethereum-libraries-iico

2.0.1 • Public • Published

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib

A crowdsale library to use for interactive crowdsale contract deployment.

Library Address

v2.0.0

Main Ethereum Network: 0xa43Ef369D12Dc7f016003c933dcBc626Cc8eA08d
Rinkeby Test Network: 0x53d9fb5206FEA4B6771b16d350FE0cFc7E72dd31

License and Warranty

Be advised that while we strive to provide professional grade, tested code we cannot guarantee its fitness for your application. This is released under The MIT License (MIT) and as such we will not be held liable for lost funds, etc. Please use your best judgment and note the following:

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Installation and Usage

How to install

npm install ethereum-libraries-iico

How to link

Amend the deployment .js file in your truffle migrations/ directory as follows:

var InteractiveCrowdsaleLib = artifacts.require("ethereum-libraries-iico/contracts/InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol");
var OtherLibs = artifacts.require("package-for-other-libs/contracts/OtherLibs.sol");
var YourCrowdsaleContract = artifacts.require("./YourCrowdsaleContract.sol");
...

module.exports = function(deployer) {
  deployer.deploy(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib, {overwrite: false});
  deployer.link(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib, YourCrowdsaleContract);
  deployer.deploy(YourCrowdsaleContract, arg1, arg2,...);
};

Note: If you have not created a second deployment .js file in the migrations/ directory, this needs to be done first. You cannot use the 1_initial_migration.js file for your migrations.

Note: The .link() function should be called before you .deploy(YourCrowdsaleContract). Also, be sure to include the {overwrite: false} when writing the deployer i.e. .deploy(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib, {overwrite: false}). This prevents deploying the library onto the main network at your cost and uses the library already on the blockchain. The function should still be called however because it allows you to use it in your development environment. See below

Testing

Test: npm run test

Test Coverage: Solidity coverage is not currently emitting events properly for Solidity v0.4.21

Code Contributions

If you see an issue please don't hesitate to dive in. We welcome help in any form and are more than willing to offer our assistance to developers who want to contribute to documentation, code fixes, or even new libraries or functionality! We ask that you follow a few guidelines when making changes to the repo:

  1. Create an issue for changes being made.
  2. Create a branch named for the issue ie 7-[label].
  3. Use keyword Closes #[issue-number] when opening a PR.

DISCLAIMER: As always, please ensure you review this code thoroughly for your team's use. We strive to make our code as solid, clean, and well documented as possible but will not accept liability for unforeseen circumstances in which value is lost or stolen. This includes but not limited to any inability to meet signature requirements to move funds, loss of private keys, transactions you deem unauthorized from an owner's account, etc. The library code has been thoroughly tested by our team and believe it to be suitable enough to be posted in our open source repository, however, you are still responsible for its implementation and security in your smart contract. Please use your best judgment. Please let us know immediately if you have discovered any issues or vulnerabilities with this library.

Basic Usage

The interactive crowdsale protocol allows participants to submit an ETH payment for tokens along with a personal valuation cap.

ETH Contribution: The Ether that the participant sends to the sale with the expectation of receiving tokens in return. These ETH payments are summed throughout the sale to equal the total sale valuation. 

Total Sale Valuation: The sum of all the active bids in the sale or total amount of ETH raised, not to be confused with the total valuation of the token or project itself, as the sale will only handle a percentage of the total tokens minted. This will fluctuate throughout the sale until the end, when it will reach an equilibrium determined by the participants. 

Personal valuation cap: An indication by each participant that they are willing to leave their token purchase in the sale as long as the maximum total sale valuation does not exceed their personal valuation cap. If, at the very end of the sale, the total sale valuation is greater than their personal valuation cap, the participant’s bid is refunded. 

There are two stages to the sale. In the first stage, participants are allowed to submit and withdraw bids at will. Early bidders receive bonus tokens as part of their purchase. This bonus decreases linearly until the end of the first stage. Participants can manually withdraw their submitted bid and receive a linearly decreasing percentage of their ETH back. The ETH that is withheld from this refund still goes towards purchasing tokens for this participant, but forfeits a percentage of the early contribution bonus on these remaining, perminently committed tokens. See section 5.3 of the technical paper for an explanation of why these two penalties are necessary. The ETH that was withheld still goes towards the crowdsale in the form of a token purchase — this penalized ETH is no longer able to be withdrawn. In this stage, the total sale valuation will fluctuate as bids are submitted and withdrawn. Since the total sale valuation can move up and down in the first stage due to deposits and withdrawals, every bid is still ‘active’ even if a personal valuation cap is exceeded. The transition between the first and second stage is termed the “withdrawal lock.” In the second stage, submissions are still allowed, but all active bids are committed for the duration of the sale. Withdrawing ETH refunds are only allowed if the participant has a minimal bid, meaning their personal cap is less than the total sale valuation — in other words, excluded from the sale. These withdrawals receive complete refunds because their contributions have no effect on the sale. After the withdrawal lock, the total sale valuation will monotonically increase, meaning it can only stay the same or increase.

alt text

Implementation Details

See Modular's Crowdsale Repo to see how these libraries are structured. Essentially, Every crowdsale library uses the CrowdsaleLib.sol and CrowdsaleLib.json files as a base contract. Then another library, in this case InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, inherits the base and is inherited by a Test contract so the contract can use it's data structure and functions.

Base Crowdsale Logic: CrowdsaleLib.sol Interactive ICO-Specific Logic: InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol Contract that implements Library functions: InteractiveCrowdsaleTestContract.sol

From now on, we will use the same terms to describe aspects of the implementation that are in the code, described below:

bid: describes the ETH and personal valuation that a participant sends to a contract to indicate participation in the sale withdrawal lock: The point in time when individual withdrawals who's personal valuation caps are above the sale valuation are no longer allowed.

    // List of personal valuations, sorted from smallest to largest (from LinkedListLib)
    LinkedListLib.LinkedList valuationsList;

    // Info holder for token creation
    TokenLib.TokenStorage tokenInfo;

    uint256 endWithdrawalTime;   // time when manual withdrawals are no longer allowed

    // current total valuation of the sale
    // actual amount of ETH committed, taking into account partial purchases
    uint256 totalValuation;

    // amount of value committed at this valuation, cannot rely on owner balance
    // due to fluctations in commitment calculations needed after owner withdraws
    // the amount of ETH committed, including total bids that will eventually get partial purchases
    uint256 valueCommitted;

    // the bucket that sits either at or just below current total valuation
    uint256 currentBucket;

    // minimim amount that the sale needs to make to be successfull
    uint256 minimumRaise;

    // percentage of total tokens being sold in this sale
    uint8 percentBeingSold;

    // the bonus amount for early bidders
    uint256 priceBonusPercent;

    bool ownerHasWithdrawnETH;

    // shows the price that the address purchased tokens at
    mapping (address => uint256) pricePurchasedAt;

    // the sums of bids at each valuation
    mapping (uint256 => uint256) valuationSums;

    // the number of active bids at a certain valuation cap
    mapping (uint256 => uint256) numBidsAtValuation;

    // the valuation cap that each address has submitted
    mapping (address => uint256) personalCaps;

    // shows if an address has done a manual withdrawal
    mapping (address => bool) hasManuallyWithdrawn;

The redesign constantly calculates the cutoff for participation in the sale and keeps a record of which bids are valid and which aren’t, without automatic refunds. After the sale ends, participants can withdraw their tokens if their cap was not exceeded by the total value. If their valuation cap was exceeded, they were essentially removed from the sale, so their total amount of ETH they contributed to the sale is refunded and available for withdrawal. This avoids costly looping and calculations that were needed in the previous version when bids were sorted and removed/partially removed throughout the sale, cutting down on gas price. Sending ETH is a costly transaction, so removing all the unnecessary ETH transfers is very important. Both versions enforce the monotonically increasing valuation variant discussed in section 5.2 of the technical paper, but this version significantly cuts down on gas costs.

This version also enforces that personal valuation caps can only be submitted in evenly spaced valuations. These are spaced by the 3 most significant digits of each personal valuation cap. These make it so there is even spacing in the linked list struct that holds the personal valuations, meaning the bids are spaced in a more efficient fashion, further saving gas on searching the linked list.

Valuation Cutoff Pointer

To accomplish this, the library utilizes a pointer throughout the sale that indicates which personal valuation cap in the linked list is the cutoff point for being allowed in the sale. It only counts bids towards the total sale valuation that have personal valuation caps that are greater than the total sale valuation. This pointer will be correlated to the total sale valuation, but since it will always point to a submitted personal valuation cap, it will often not be exactly equal to the total sale valuation, but will be relatively close.

At the beginning of the sale, the pointer is set at 0, indicating that the valuation of the sale is 0 and there are no bids that have been submitted or “discarded” from the sale.

alt text

Bid Process

This process is taken from the submitBid function in InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol

Every time a new bid is submitted, its personal valuation cap is added to the sorted linked list of personal valuation caps. Then the contract adds its bid to a sum of all bids submitted with that same personal valuation cap. After that, it records the amount of ETH submitted in that bid and the token price bonus at the time the bid was submitted.

Then, if the personal valuation cap is less than the current total sale valuation, the bid is still registered by the sale, but it is not counted towards the total sale valuation. If the personal valuation cap is greater than the current total sale valuation, then the bid is added to the current valuation and the cutoff pointer is potentially increased to show which bids have been “kicked out” of the sale. Bids that are overtaken by the pointer are subtracted from the total sale valuation but still remain recorded in case the pointer decreases. 

This valuation cutoff pointer mechanism is active throughout the entire sale, but will increase and decrease during the first stage of the sale. After the withdrawal lock, the pointer, like the total sale valuation, is monotonically increasing, meaning that it cannot decrease, only increase or stay the same, since manual withdrawals are not possible in that stage.

If you reference the technical paper, you’ll see in Section 4, step 3, part 3 that bids that are equal to the current valuation pointer are refunded a portion of their bids instead of being kicked out to keep the valuation monotonically increasing as bids are removed. This is now only necessary to do once, at the very end of the sale. Bids with personal valuation caps equal to the valuation pointer will be partially refunded ETH and receive the rest of their purchase in tokens. This still satisfies the requirement in section 5.2 of the technical paper.

Valuation Pointer Mechanics Walkthrough

Here is a quick walkthrough with some diagrams to show the correct pointer movement. We’ll start with the first bid in the sale, Josh sending 9 ETH with a personal valuation cap of 186 ETH. Here is the state after the first bid.

alt text

As you can see, Josh has contributed 9 ETH, so the total sale valuation has increased to 9. His personal valuation cap was added to the sorted list of caps, but since the total sale valuation is still less than his cap, the pointer is still pointing at zero, showing that all bids still remain in the sale. 

You might be confused that the pointer isn’t equal to the current valuation. The reason for this is that the pointer needs to always point at one of the personal valuation caps, indicating which cap is the cutoff to remain in the sale. This is slightly different than what is specified in section 4 of the technical paper, but necessary for proper functionality of the pointer mechanism and ensuring monotonically increasing sale valuation.

A similar state happens when the second bid is submitted with a high personal valuation cap:

alt text

Going smoothly so far! Now lets see what happens when a bid is submitted with a personal valuation cap that is less than the total sale valuation:

alt text

alt text

The bid has a personal valuation cap below the total sale valuation, so it doesn’t affect the sale at allPointer is fixed when another bid comes inAs you can see, Robbie’s bid with a personal valuation cap less than the total sale valuation is still recorded in the list and storage, but does not affect the total sale valuation or pointer at all. When another bid comes in, the pointer is moved to 12 to show that personal valuation caps of 12 and lower are not involved in the sale.

Now lets see what happens when a bidders cap is exceeded:

alt text

As you can see from the next two bids, the total sale valuation would increase to more than Gus’ cap of 38, but removing his bid would decrease the total sale valuation to below 38. This creates an issue with deciding whether or not he should remain in the sale. The sale accounts for this by moving the pointer to 38, his cap, and setting the total sale valuation to the same number. This indicates that he will get a partial purchase of his tokens when he withdraws his tokens at the end of the sale.

Withdrawals During the First Stage of the Sale

At some point, some of the participants might want to manually withdraw their bid. To protect from blackout attacks (detailed in section 5.3 of the technical paper) contributors that manually withdraw will forfeit part of their early contribution bonus and a portion of their contribution will be locked in to the sale. When a contributor withdraws, they will get a partial refund, the rest will be converted to tokens, minus part of the early contribution bonus. You can read about the reasoning for this choice in section 5.3 of the technical paper. Please remember, this is only for manual withdrawals before the “withdrawal lock”. Automated withdrawals due to personal cap being lower than the total valuation will not be penalized.

Let’s look at how it would affect our example sale.

In this example, JG wants to withdraw his 5 ETH contribution from the sale. The figure shows the state of the sale after the withdrawal.

alt text

The penalty increases linearly throughout the first stage of the sale. For simplicity’s sake, we are assuming that the penalty at this point is 40%. JG gets 3 ETH back and the remaining 2 is still committed to the sale. This decreases the total sale valuation to 35, and the pointer stays at 38. If there was a bid with a personal valuation cap of 35, the pointer would be pointing at that, but since there isn’t, it stays at 38.

As you can probably imagine, manual withdrawals can lead to a reduction in the Total Valuation and as a result, bids that were previously excluded can once again be included.

For clarification, bids that have been passed by the valuation pointer are still subject to the withdrawal penalty before the withdrawal lock, but not after. You can read the reasoning for this in section 5.3 of the technical paper.

Most of the algorithms for tracking bids require changing only a few values and iterating over a small number of nodes in the linked list. This significantly decreases the potential gas cost compared to the costly operations required for looping through the list, removing nodes, giving bidders with minimal bids partial refunds after each loop, and resetting bidders stored bid history.

Addresses can only submit one bid each.

The bidders submit a prediction for where to start searching in the list. We chose this with the intent that the owner will publish the valuations at certain placements in the linked list, like 1/4 of the way through, 1/2 way through, 3/4 of the way through, etc depending on the size of the list. Bidders chose the search prediction that is closest to their personal Valuation to save time and gas in finding their spot in the list.

Functions

The following is the list of functions available to use in your smart contract.

init(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage storage, address, uint256, uint256, uint256, uint256, uint256, uint256, uint8, string, string, uint8)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 175)

Constructor. Initialize the crowdsale with owner, bonus percentage, minimum raise, tokens per eth, start time, time of the withdrawal lock, endTime, percent of tokens being sold, token name, token symbol, token number of decimals.

Arguments

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage self
address _owner Address of crowdsale owner
uint256 _priceBonusPercent percentage of the token price that participants receive as an additional token purchase at the beginning of the sale.
uint256 _minimumRaise the minimum ETH raise the sale can have to be successful.
uint256 _tokensPerEth the amount of tokens received per ether as a base price. uint256 _startTime start time of the sale. uint256 _endWithdrawalTime The time when manual withdrawals are prohibited.
uint256 _endTime the end of the sale
uint8 _percentBeingSold percentage of the total amount of tokens being offered in this sale,
string _tokenName the name of the token for the ERC20 contract
string _tokenSymbol The symbol for the token for the ERC20 contract
uint8 _tokenDecimals number of decimals for the token

Returns

No return

numDigits(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage storage, uint256)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 218)

Gets the number of digits in _number. Used to enforce spaced buckets for personal valuation caps.

Arguments

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage self
uint256 _number the number to find the number of digits for.

Returns

uint256

calculateTokenPurchase(uint256, uint256)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 233)

Calculates the number of tokens purchased based on the amount of wei spent and the price of tokens.

Arguments

uint256 _amount amount of wei sent in the purchase uint256 _price the price of the tokens being purchased

Returns

uint256 numTokens number of tokens purchased uint256 remainder wei leftover from the purchase

getCurrentBonus(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage storage)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 257)

Called when an address wants to submit bid to the sale. This caluculates the bonus percentage the address receives when submitting bids. The bonus gradually decreases from self.priceBonusPercent to zero from the beginning to the end of the first stage. After the withdrawal lock, there is no bonus.

Arguments

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage self

Returns

bool

isAValidPurchase(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage storage)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 273)

Determines a bid to be valid for participation

Arguments

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage self

Returns

bool

submitBid(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage storage, uint256, uint256, uint256)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 289)

Allows participants to submit ETH bids with a personal cap and linked list spot prediction. First, the function checks to see if the bid is valid. Then it inserts the personal valuation cap into the linked list, if necessary. It then updates the participants bid records. Lastly, it performs the operations to assign the new valuation pointer to the correct bucket. It then logs the current token price and emits an event.

Arguments

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage self
uint256 _amount the amount of ETH the bidder sent uint256 _personalCap the user's personal valuation cap uint256 _valuePredict prediction of where the cap will go in the linked list

Returns

bool

withdrawBid(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage storage)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 413)

Withdraws the participant's bid from the sale. If it is after the withdrawal lock and the participant has a minimal personal cap, they get a full refund. If it is before the withdrawal lock, they receive a partial refund of the ETH. The withheld ETH still goes towards their token purchase, but is committed to the end of the sale. Then, if it is before the withdrawal lock, the valuation pointer is updated to reflect the new sale valuation.

Arguments

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage self

Returns

bool

finalizeSale(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage storage)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 530)

This should be called once the sale is over to launch the token and record the total ETH raised into the owners withdrawal bucket.

Arguments

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage self

Returns

bool

launchToken(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage storage)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 560)

Mints the token being sold by taking the percentage of the token supply being sold in this sale along with the valuation, derives all necessary values, launches the token contract, and then transfers owner tokens to the owner. If the sale did not reach the minimum valuation, all the tokens are transferred to the owner and all participant's ETH is available for refund.

Arguments

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage self

Returns

bool

setCanceled(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage storage)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 602)

Returns a boolean indicating if the sale is canceled. This can either be if the minimum raise hasn't been met or if it is 30 days after the sale and the owner hasn't finalized the sale.

Arguments

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage self

Returns

bool

retreiveFinalResult(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage storage)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 616)

Called by participants after the sale ends. Finalizes a participant's participation in the sale. If the address' personal cap is below the pointer or the sale is cancelled, refund them all their ETH. If their personal valuation cap is equal to the total valuation, they get a partial ETH refund and a partial token purchase. If their personal valuation cap is greater than the total valuation, the function calculates tokens purchased and sends them their tokens. This is the last function participants have to call.

Arguments

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage self

Returns

bool

withdrawTokens(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage storage)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 694)

Function called by bidders to withdraw the tokens they purchased.

Arguments

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage self

Returns

bool

withdrawLeftoverWei(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage storage)

(InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.sol, line 720)

Function called by bidders to withdraw any leftover wei, such as change or over-paid wei from the sale contract.

Arguments

InteractiveCrowdsaleLib.InteractiveCrowdsaleStorage self

Returns

bool

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