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noble-bls12-381

Fastest implementation of BLS12-381 in a scripting language. The pairing-friendly Barreto-Lynn-Scott elliptic curve construction allows to:

• Construct zk-SNARKs at the 128-bit security
• Use threshold signatures, which allows a user to sign lots of messages with one signature and verify them swiftly in a batch, using Boneh-Lynn-Shacham signature scheme.

Compatible with Algorand, Chia, Dfinity, Ethereum, FIL, Zcash. Matches specs pairing-curves-09, bls-sigs-04, hash-to-curve-11.

To learn more about internals, check out BLS12-381 for the rest of us & key concepts of pairings. To try it live, see the online demo & threshold sigs demo.

This library belongs to noble crypto

noble-crypto — high-security, easily auditable set of contained cryptographic libraries and tools.

• Just two files
• No dependencies
• Easily auditable TypeScript/JS code
• Supported in all major browsers and stable node.js versions
• All releases are signed with PGP keys
• Check out all libraries: secp256k1, ed25519, bls12-381

Usage

Use NPM in node.js / browser, or include single file from GitHub's releases page:

npm install noble-bls12-381

const bls = require('noble-bls12-381');
// if you're using single file, use global variable nobleBls12381

// You can use Uint8Array, or hex string for readability
const privateKey = '67d53f170b908cabb9eb326c3c337762d59289a8fec79f7bc9254b584b73265c';
const privateKeys = [
  '18f020b98eb798752a50ed0563b079c125b0db5dd0b1060d1c1b47d4a193e1e4',
  'ed69a8c50cf8c9836be3b67c7eeff416612d45ba39a5c099d48fa668bf558c9c',
  '16ae669f3be7a2121e17d0c68c05a8f3d6bef21ec0f2315f1d7aec12484e4cf5'
];
const message = '64726e3da8';
const messages = ['d2', '0d98', '05caf3'];

(async () => {
  const publicKey = bls.getPublicKey(privateKey);
  const publicKeys = privateKeys.map(bls.getPublicKey);

  const signature = await bls.sign(message, privateKey);
  const isCorrect = await bls.verify(signature, message, publicKey);
  console.log('key', publicKey);
  console.log('signature', signature);
  console.log('is correct:', isCorrect);

  // Sign 1 msg with 3 keys
  const signatures2 = await Promise.all(privateKeys.map(p => bls.sign(message, p)));
  const aggPubKey2 = bls.aggregatePublicKeys(publicKeys);
  const aggSignature2 = bls.aggregateSignatures(signatures2);
  const isCorrect2 = await bls.verify(aggSignature2, message, aggPubKey2);
  console.log();
  console.log('signatures are', signatures2);
  console.log('merged to one signature', aggSignature2);
  console.log('is correct:', isCorrect2);

  // Sign 3 msgs with 3 keys
  const signatures3 = await Promise.all(privateKeys.map((p, i) => bls.sign(messages[i], p)));
  const aggSignature3 = bls.aggregateSignatures(signatures3);
  const isCorrect3 = await bls.verifyBatch(aggSignature3, messages, publicKeys);
  console.log();
  console.log('keys', publicKeys);
  console.log('signatures', signatures3);
  console.log('merged to one signature', aggSignature3);
  console.log('is correct:', isCorrect3);
})();

API

• getPublicKey(privateKey)
• sign(message, privateKey)
• verify(signature, message, publicKey)
• aggregatePublicKeys(publicKeys)
• aggregateSignatures(signatures)
• verifyBatch(signature, messages, publicKeys)
• pairing(G1Point, G2Point)

getPublicKey(privateKey)

function getPublicKey(privateKey: Uint8Array | bigint): Uint8Array;
function getPublicKey(privateKey: string): string;

• privateKey: Uint8Array | string | bigint will be used to generate public key. Public key is generated by executing scalar multiplication of a base Point(x, y) by a fixed integer. The result is another Point(x, y) which we will by default encode to hex Uint8Array.
• Returns Uint8Array: encoded publicKey for signature verification

Note: if you need spec-based KeyGen, use paulmillr/bls12-381-keygen. It should work properly with ETH2 and FIL keys.

sign(message, privateKey)

function sign(message: Uint8Array, privateKey: Uint8Array): Promise<Uint8Array>;
function sign(message: string, privateKey: string): Promise<Uint8Array>;
function sign(message: PointG2, privateKey: Uint8Array | string | bigint): Promise<PointG2>;

• message: Uint8Array | string - message which would be hashed & signed
• privateKey: Uint8Array | string | bigint - private key which will sign the hash
• Returns Uint8Array | string | PointG2: encoded signature

Check out Internals section on instructions about domain separation tag (DST).

verify(signature, message, publicKey)

function verify(
  signature: Uint8Array | string | PointG2,
  message: Uint8Array | string | PointG2,
  publicKey: Uint8Array | string | PointG1
): Promise<boolean>

• signature: Uint8Array | string - object returned by the sign or aggregateSignatures function
• message: Uint8Array | string - message hash that needs to be verified
• publicKey: Uint8Array | string - e.g. that was generated from privateKey by getPublicKey
• Returns Promise<boolean>: true / false whether the signature matches hash

aggregatePublicKeys(publicKeys)

function aggregatePublicKeys(publicKeys: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array;
function aggregatePublicKeys(publicKeys: string[]): string;
function aggregatePublicKeys(publicKeys: PointG1[]): PointG1;

• publicKeys: (Uint8Array | string | PointG1)[] - e.g. that have been generated from privateKey by getPublicKey
• Returns Uint8Array | PointG1: one aggregated public key which calculated from public keys

aggregateSignatures(signatures)

function aggregateSignatures(signatures: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array;
function aggregateSignatures(signatures: string[]): string;
function aggregateSignatures(signatures: PointG2[]): PointG2;

• signatures: (Uint8Array | string | PointG2)[] - e.g. that have been generated by sign
• Returns Uint8Array | PointG2: one aggregated signature which calculated from signatures

verifyBatch(signature, messages, publicKeys)

function verifyBatch(
  signature: Uint8Array | string | PointG2,
  messages: (Uint8Array | string | PointG2)[],
  publicKeys: (Uint8Array | string | PointG1)[]
): Promise<boolean>

• signature: Uint8Array | string | PointG2 - object returned by the aggregateSignatures function
• messages: (Uint8Array | string | PointG2)[] - messages hashes that needs to be verified
• publicKeys: (Uint8Array | string | PointG1)[] - e.g. that were generated from privateKeys by getPublicKey
• Returns Promise<boolean>: true / false whether the signature matches hashes

pairing(pointG1, pointG2)

function pairing(
  pointG1: PointG1,
  pointG2: PointG2,
  withFinalExponent: boolean = true
): Fp12

• pointG1: PointG1 - simple point, x, y are bigints
• pointG2: PointG2 - point over curve with complex numbers ((x₁, x₂+i), (y₁, y₂+i)) - pairs of bigints
• withFinalExponent: boolean - should the result be powered by curve order; very slow
• Returns Fp12: paired point over 12-degree extension field.

Helpers

// characteristic; z + (z⁴ - z² + 1)(z - 1)²/3
bls.CURVE.P // 0x1a0111ea397fe69a4b1ba7b6434bacd764774b84f38512bf6730d2a0f6b0f6241eabfffeb153ffffb9feffffffffaaab

// curve order; z⁴ − z² + 1
bls.CURVE.r // 0x73eda753299d7d483339d80809a1d80553bda402fffe5bfeffffffff00000001

// cofactor; (z - 1)²/3
bls.curve.h // 0x396c8c005555e1568c00aaab0000aaab


// G1 base point coordinates (x, y)
bls.CURVE.Gx
// x = 3685416753713387016781088315183077757961620795782546409894578378688607592378376318836054947676345821548104185464507
bls.CURVE.Gy
// y = 1339506544944476473020471379941921221584933875938349620426543736416511423956333506472724655353366534992391756441569

// G2 base point coordinates (x₁, x₂+i), (y₁, y₂+i)
bls.CURVE.G2x
// x =
// 3059144344244213709971259814753781636986470325476647558659373206291635324768958432433509563104347017837885763365758,
// 352701069587466618187139116011060144890029952792775240219908644239793785735715026873347600343865175952761926303160
bls.CURVE.G2y
// y =
// 927553665492332455747201965776037880757740193453592970025027978793976877002675564980949289727957565575433344219582,
// 1985150602287291935568054521177171638300868978215655730859378665066344726373823718423869104263333984641494340347905

// Classes
bls.Fp      // field over Fp
bls.Fp2     // field over Fp₂
bls.Fp12    // finite extension field over irreducible polynominal
bls.PointG1 // projective point (xyz) at G1
bls.PointG2 // projective point (xyz) at G2

Internals

The library uses G1 for public keys and G2 for signatures. Adding support for G1 signatures is planned.

• BLS Relies on Bilinear Pairing (expensive)
• Private Keys: 32 bytes
• Public Keys: 48 bytes: 381 bit affine x coordinate, encoded into 48 big-endian bytes.
• Signatures: 96 bytes: two 381 bit integers (affine x coordinate), encoded into two 48 big-endian byte arrays.
  • The signature is a point on the G2 subgroup, which is defined over a finite field with elements twice as big as the G1 curve (G2 is over Fp2 rather than Fp. Fp2 is analogous to the complex numbers).
• The 12 stands for the Embedding degree.

Formulas:

• P = pk x G - public keys
• S = pk x H(m) - signing
• e(P, H(m)) == e(G, S) - verification using pairings
• e(G, S) = e(G, SUM(n)(Si)) = MUL(n)(e(G, Si)) - signature aggregation

The BLS parameters for the library are:

• PK_IN G1
• HASH_OR_ENCODE true
• DST BLS_SIG_BLS12381G2_XMD:SHA-256_SSWU_RO_NUL_ - use bls.utils.getDSTLabel() & bls.utils.setDSTLabel("...") to read/change the Domain Separation Tag label
• RAND_BITS 64

Filecoin uses little endian byte arrays for private keys - so ensure to reverse byte order if you'll use it with FIL.

Speed

To achieve the best speed out of all JS / Python implementations, the library employs different optimizations:

• cyclotomic exponentation
• endomorphism for clearing cofactor
• pairing precomputation

Benchmarks measured with Apple M1:

getPublicKey x 598 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
sign x 36 ops/sec @ 27ms/op
verify x 28 ops/sec @ 35ms/op
pairing x 69 ops/sec @ 14ms/op
aggregatePublicKeys/8 x 84 ops/sec @ 11ms/op
aggregateSignatures/8 x 40 ops/sec @ 24ms/op

with compression / decompression disabled:
sign/nc x 54 ops/sec @ 18ms/op
verify/nc x 47 ops/sec @ 21ms/op
aggregatePublicKeys/32 x 787 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
aggregatePublicKeys/128 x 558 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
aggregatePublicKeys/512 x 256 ops/sec @ 3ms/op
aggregatePublicKeys/2048 x 81 ops/sec @ 12ms/op
aggregateSignatures/32 x 452 ops/sec @ 2ms/op
aggregateSignatures/128 x 240 ops/sec @ 4ms/op
aggregateSignatures/512 x 81 ops/sec @ 12ms/op
aggregateSignatures/2048 x 22 ops/sec @ 43ms/op

Security

Noble is production-ready.

1. No public audits have been done yet. Our goal is to crowdfund the audit.
2. It was developed in a similar fashion to noble-secp256k1, which was audited by a third-party firm.
3. It was fuzzed by Guido Vranken's cryptofuzz, no serious issues have been found. You can run the fuzzer by yourself to check it.

We're using built-in JS BigInt, which is "unsuitable for use in cryptography" as per official spec. This means that the lib is potentially vulnerable to timing attacks. But, JIT-compiler and Garbage Collector make "constant time" extremely hard to achieve in a scripting language. Which means any other JS library doesn't use constant-time bigints. Including bn.js or anything else. Even statically typed Rust, a language without GC, makes it harder to achieve constant-time for some cases. If your goal is absolute security, don't use any JS lib — including bindings to native ones. Use low-level libraries & languages.

We however consider infrastructure attacks like rogue NPM modules very important; that's why it's crucial to minimize the amount of 3rd-party dependencies & native bindings. If your app uses 500 dependencies, any dep could get hacked and you'll be downloading rootkits with every npm install. Our goal is to minimize this attack vector.

Contributing

1. Clone the repository.
2. npm install to install build dependencies like TypeScript
3. npm run build to compile TypeScript code
4. npm run test to run jest on test/index.ts

Special thanks to Roman Koblov, who have helped to improve pairing speed.

License

MIT (c) Paul Miller (https://paulmillr.com), see LICENSE file.